BLD 324 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
cytokine
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or
decreases activity in other cells
erythroblast
immature red blood cell
Erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
medullary
refers to the bone marrow, which is the medullary cavity of bones where hematopoiesis
occurs
myeloid
derived from bone marrow
extra medullary hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis that occurs outside of the bone marrow; spleen, liver
red marrow
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of
blood cell formation
,yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
erythrocytic island
Composed of a central macrophage surrounded by developing erythroid cells, found in
hematopoietic tissue such as fetal liver and bone marrow located near sinus linings
hematopoietic tissue: embryonic
Biopsy Site: In the early embryonic period, blood cell formation occurs in the yolk sac
Hemoglobin Produced: Embryonic hemoglobin (Hb Gower and Hb Portland)
Site of Cell Production: Yolk sac
hematopoietic tissue: fetal
Biopsy Site: the liver is a major site of hematopoiesis; in the third trimester, the spleen
also becomes involved
Hemoglobin Produced (Fetal): Hemoglobin F (HbF)
Site of Cell Production (Fetal): Liver and spleen
hematopoietic tissue: neonatal-childhood
Site of Cell Production: Bone marrow (predominantly in long bones)
Biopsy Site: If a bone marrow biopsy is required for diagnostic purposes, the iliac crest
is a common site due to its accessibility and lower risk
Hemoglobin Produced (Infant): Predominantly Hemoglobin F (HbF), with a gradual
decrease
Hemoglobin Produced (Childhood): Transition to adult hemoglobin (HbA)
hematopoietic tissue: adulthood
Site of Cell Production: Bone marrow (mainly in axial skeleton)
,Biopsy Site: the axial skeleton includes the vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; The
posterior iliac crest is often the preferred site for bone marrow biopsy in adults
Hemoglobin Produced: Mainly Hemoglobin A (HbA)
gross anatomy of bone marrow
Location:
Adults: Mainly found in the axial skeleton (vertebrae, sternum, pelvis) and proximal ends
of long bones
Children: Hematopoiesis initially occurs in long bones (femur, tibia) before shifting to the
axial skeleton.
Red Marrow vs. Yellow Marrow:
Red Marrow: Active hematopoietic tissue, responsible for blood cell production.
Yellow Marrow: Composed mainly of adipocytes, becomes more predominant with age
and is less hematopoietically active.
Microenvironment:
Stromal Cells: Supportive cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells.
Extracellular Matrix: Provides structural support for hematopoietic cells.
microscopic anatomy of bone marrow
Hematopoietic Cells:
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into various blood
cell types.
Precursor Cells: Differentiated cells committed to specific blood cell lineages (e.g.,
erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts).
Cellular Compartments:
, Red Pulp: Rich in red blood cells and developing erythroblasts.
White Pulp: Contains white blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Sinusoids: Network of sinusoids allows for the exchange of blood cells between the
marrow and circulation
bone marrow blood supply
Arterial Supply:
Nutrient Arteries: Enter the bone through nutrient foramina, supplying oxygen and
nutrients to the bone and marrow.
Venous Drainage:
Sinusoidal Venous System: Drains blood from the bone marrow, facilitating the removal
of mature blood cells.
Circulation Through Bone Marrow:
Arterial Blood: Enters the bone through nutrient arteries, supplying oxygen and
nutrients.
Capillary Beds: Branching into extensive capillary networks within the marrow, allowing
for nutrient and gas exchange.
Sinusoids: Widened capillaries that facilitate the passage of blood cells between the
marrow and the circulation.
Venous Blood: Drains through sinusoids into larger veins, eventually exiting the bone.
hematopoietic stem cells
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
Timeline: Ongoing throughout life
stromal cells in bone marrow
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
cytokine
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or
decreases activity in other cells
erythroblast
immature red blood cell
Erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
medullary
refers to the bone marrow, which is the medullary cavity of bones where hematopoiesis
occurs
myeloid
derived from bone marrow
extra medullary hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis that occurs outside of the bone marrow; spleen, liver
red marrow
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of
blood cell formation
,yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
erythrocytic island
Composed of a central macrophage surrounded by developing erythroid cells, found in
hematopoietic tissue such as fetal liver and bone marrow located near sinus linings
hematopoietic tissue: embryonic
Biopsy Site: In the early embryonic period, blood cell formation occurs in the yolk sac
Hemoglobin Produced: Embryonic hemoglobin (Hb Gower and Hb Portland)
Site of Cell Production: Yolk sac
hematopoietic tissue: fetal
Biopsy Site: the liver is a major site of hematopoiesis; in the third trimester, the spleen
also becomes involved
Hemoglobin Produced (Fetal): Hemoglobin F (HbF)
Site of Cell Production (Fetal): Liver and spleen
hematopoietic tissue: neonatal-childhood
Site of Cell Production: Bone marrow (predominantly in long bones)
Biopsy Site: If a bone marrow biopsy is required for diagnostic purposes, the iliac crest
is a common site due to its accessibility and lower risk
Hemoglobin Produced (Infant): Predominantly Hemoglobin F (HbF), with a gradual
decrease
Hemoglobin Produced (Childhood): Transition to adult hemoglobin (HbA)
hematopoietic tissue: adulthood
Site of Cell Production: Bone marrow (mainly in axial skeleton)
,Biopsy Site: the axial skeleton includes the vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; The
posterior iliac crest is often the preferred site for bone marrow biopsy in adults
Hemoglobin Produced: Mainly Hemoglobin A (HbA)
gross anatomy of bone marrow
Location:
Adults: Mainly found in the axial skeleton (vertebrae, sternum, pelvis) and proximal ends
of long bones
Children: Hematopoiesis initially occurs in long bones (femur, tibia) before shifting to the
axial skeleton.
Red Marrow vs. Yellow Marrow:
Red Marrow: Active hematopoietic tissue, responsible for blood cell production.
Yellow Marrow: Composed mainly of adipocytes, becomes more predominant with age
and is less hematopoietically active.
Microenvironment:
Stromal Cells: Supportive cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells.
Extracellular Matrix: Provides structural support for hematopoietic cells.
microscopic anatomy of bone marrow
Hematopoietic Cells:
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into various blood
cell types.
Precursor Cells: Differentiated cells committed to specific blood cell lineages (e.g.,
erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts).
Cellular Compartments:
, Red Pulp: Rich in red blood cells and developing erythroblasts.
White Pulp: Contains white blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Sinusoids: Network of sinusoids allows for the exchange of blood cells between the
marrow and circulation
bone marrow blood supply
Arterial Supply:
Nutrient Arteries: Enter the bone through nutrient foramina, supplying oxygen and
nutrients to the bone and marrow.
Venous Drainage:
Sinusoidal Venous System: Drains blood from the bone marrow, facilitating the removal
of mature blood cells.
Circulation Through Bone Marrow:
Arterial Blood: Enters the bone through nutrient arteries, supplying oxygen and
nutrients.
Capillary Beds: Branching into extensive capillary networks within the marrow, allowing
for nutrient and gas exchange.
Sinusoids: Widened capillaries that facilitate the passage of blood cells between the
marrow and the circulation.
Venous Blood: Drains through sinusoids into larger veins, eventually exiting the bone.
hematopoietic stem cells
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
Timeline: Ongoing throughout life
stromal cells in bone marrow
