,Table of Content
v v
Chapterv01:vCellularvBiology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterv02:vGenesvandvGeneticvDiseases ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterv03:vEpigeneticsvandvDisease ......................................................................................................................... 23
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterv04:vAlteredvCellularvandvTissuevBiology ....................................................................................................... 27
Huetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v6thvEdition .......................................................................... 39
Chapterv06:vInnatevImmunity:vInflammationvandvWoundvHealingvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterv07:vAdaptivevImmunity ................................................................................................................................. 60
Chapterv08:vInfectionvandvDefectsvinvMechanismsvofvDefensevHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterv09:vStressvandvDisease .................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapterv10:vBiology,vClinicalvManifestations,vandvTreatmentvofvCancervHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathop
hysiology,v6thvEdition ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterv11:vCancervEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterv12:vCancervinvChildren .................................................................................................................................. 91
Chapterv13:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvtheNeurologicvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterv14:vPain,vTemperature,vSleep,vandvSensoryvFunctionvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,
v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterv15:vAlterationsvinvCognitivevSystems,vCerebralvHemodynamics,vandvMotorvFunction ............................... 116
Chapterv16:vDisordersvofvtheCentralvandvPeripheralvNervousvSystemsvandvtheNeuromuscularvJunction.................. 126
Chapterv17:vAlterationsvofvNeurologicvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 138
Chapterv18:vMechanismsvofvHormonalvRegulation .................................................................................................. 147
Chapterv19:vAlterationsvofvHormonalvRegulation ..................................................................................................... 156
Chapterv20:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevHematologicvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiolo
gy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterv21:vAlterationsvofvHematologicvFunction .................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterv22:vAlterationsvofvHematologicvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapterv23:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevCardiovascularvandvLymphaticvSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstand
ingvPathophysiology,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................. 200
Chapterv24:vAlterationsvofvCardiovascularvFunction ................................................................................................ 210
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterv25:vAlterationsvofvCardiovascularvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiolo
gy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 229
SvNvTv v O ....................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterv26:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevPulmonaryvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapterv27:vAlterationsvofvPulmonaryvFunction ....................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterv28:vAlterationsvofvPulmonaryvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 257
Chapterv29:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevRenalvandvUrologicvSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathop
hysiology,v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapterv30:vAlterationsvofvRenalvandvUrinaryvTractvFunctionvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,
v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapterv31:vAlterationsvofvRenalvandvUrinaryvTractvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPatho
physiology,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Chapterv32:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevReproductivevSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterv33:vAlterationsvofvthevFemalevReproductivevSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 295
Chapterv34:vAlterationsvofvthevMalevReproductivevSystem ...................................................................................... 300
Chapterv35:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevDigestivevSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 305
Chapterv36:vAlterationsvofvDigestivevFunction ......................................................................................................... 312
Chapterv37:vAlterationsvofvDigestivevFunctionvinvChildren ...................................................................................... 325
Chapterv38:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevMusculoskeletalvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysi
ology,v6thvEdition ..................................................................................................................................................... 334
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterv39:vAlterationsvofvMusculoskeletalvFunction .............................................................................................. 342
Chapterv40:vAlterationsvofvMusculoskeletalvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 352
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterv41:vStructure,vFunction,vandvDisordersvofvthevIntegumentvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysio
logy,v6thvEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterv42:vAlterationsvofvthevIntegumentvinvChildren............................................................................................. 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
v v v
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
v v v v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
1. Avstudentvisvobservingvavcellvundervthevmicroscope.vItvisvobservedvtovhavevsupercoiledvDNAv
withvhistones.vWhichvofvthevfollowingvwouldvalsovbevobservedvbyvthevstudent?
a. Avsinglevcircularvchromosome
b. Avnucleus
c. Free-floatingvnuclearvmaterial
d. Novorganelles
ANS:v B
Thevcellvdescribedvisvaveukaryoticvcell,vsovitvhasvhistonesvandvavsupercoiledvDNAvwithinvitsvnucl
eus;vthus,vthevnucleusvshouldvbevobserved.vAvsinglevcircularvchromosomevcalledvavprokaryotevc
ontainsvfree-floatingvnuclearvmaterialvbutvhasvnovorganelles.
REF:vp.v2
2. Avnursevisvinstructingvthevstaffvaboutvcellularvfunctions.vWhichvcellularvfunctionvisvthevnursevd
escribingvwhenvanvisolatedvcellvabsorbsvoxygenvandvusesvitvtovtransformvnutrientsvtovenergy?
a. Metabolicvabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:vD
Thevcell’svabilityvtovabsorbvoxygenvisvreferredvtovasvrespirationvwhilevitsvcommunicationvabilityvinvolv
esvmaintenancevofvavsteadyvdynamicvstate,vmetabolicvabsorptionvprovidesvnutrition,vandvsecretionvallo
wsvforvthevsynthesizingvofvnewvsubstances.
REF:vp.v2
3. AveukaryoticvcellvisvundergoingvDNAvreplication.vInvwhichvregionvofvthevcellvwouldvmostvofvt
hevgeneticvinformationvbevcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusvCytoplasm
ANS:vC
Thevregionvofvthevcellvthatvcontainsvgeneticvmaterial,vincludingvavlargevamountvofvribonucleicvaci
d,vmostvofvthevDNA,vandvDNA-
bindingvproteins,visvthevnucleolus,vwhichvisvlocatedvwithinvthevcell’svnucleus.vMitochondriavisvas
sociatedvwithvcellularvrespiration,vwhilevribosomesvarevinvolvedvwithvproteinvmanufacturing.vC
ytoplasmvisvavfluidvfillingvthatvisvavcomponentvofvthevcell.
REF:vp.v2
v v
Chapterv01:vCellularvBiology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterv02:vGenesvandvGeneticvDiseases ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterv03:vEpigeneticsvandvDisease ......................................................................................................................... 23
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterv04:vAlteredvCellularvandvTissuevBiology ....................................................................................................... 27
Huetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v6thvEdition .......................................................................... 39
Chapterv06:vInnatevImmunity:vInflammationvandvWoundvHealingvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterv07:vAdaptivevImmunity ................................................................................................................................. 60
Chapterv08:vInfectionvandvDefectsvinvMechanismsvofvDefensevHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterv09:vStressvandvDisease .................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapterv10:vBiology,vClinicalvManifestations,vandvTreatmentvofvCancervHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathop
hysiology,v6thvEdition ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterv11:vCancervEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterv12:vCancervinvChildren .................................................................................................................................. 91
Chapterv13:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvtheNeurologicvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterv14:vPain,vTemperature,vSleep,vandvSensoryvFunctionvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,
v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterv15:vAlterationsvinvCognitivevSystems,vCerebralvHemodynamics,vandvMotorvFunction ............................... 116
Chapterv16:vDisordersvofvtheCentralvandvPeripheralvNervousvSystemsvandvtheNeuromuscularvJunction.................. 126
Chapterv17:vAlterationsvofvNeurologicvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 138
Chapterv18:vMechanismsvofvHormonalvRegulation .................................................................................................. 147
Chapterv19:vAlterationsvofvHormonalvRegulation ..................................................................................................... 156
Chapterv20:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevHematologicvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiolo
gy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterv21:vAlterationsvofvHematologicvFunction .................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterv22:vAlterationsvofvHematologicvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapterv23:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevCardiovascularvandvLymphaticvSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstand
ingvPathophysiology,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................. 200
Chapterv24:vAlterationsvofvCardiovascularvFunction ................................................................................................ 210
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterv25:vAlterationsvofvCardiovascularvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiolo
gy,v6thvEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 229
SvNvTv v O ....................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterv26:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevPulmonaryvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology
,v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapterv27:vAlterationsvofvPulmonaryvFunction ....................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterv28:vAlterationsvofvPulmonaryvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 257
Chapterv29:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevRenalvandvUrologicvSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathop
hysiology,v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapterv30:vAlterationsvofvRenalvandvUrinaryvTractvFunctionvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,
v6thvEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapterv31:vAlterationsvofvRenalvandvUrinaryvTractvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPatho
physiology,v6thvEdition ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Chapterv32:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevReproductivevSystemsvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterv33:vAlterationsvofvthevFemalevReproductivevSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 295
Chapterv34:vAlterationsvofvthevMalevReproductivevSystem ...................................................................................... 300
Chapterv35:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevDigestivevSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiology,v
6thvEdition................................................................................................................................................................ 305
Chapterv36:vAlterationsvofvDigestivevFunction ......................................................................................................... 312
Chapterv37:vAlterationsvofvDigestivevFunctionvinvChildren ...................................................................................... 325
Chapterv38:vStructurevandvFunctionvofvthevMusculoskeletalvSystemvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysi
ology,v6thvEdition ..................................................................................................................................................... 334
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterv39:vAlterationsvofvMusculoskeletalvFunction .............................................................................................. 342
Chapterv40:vAlterationsvofvMusculoskeletalvFunctionvinvChildrenvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysiol
ogy,v6thvEdition ........................................................................................................................................................ 352
UvSNvT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterv41:vStructure,vFunction,vandvDisordersvofvthevIntegumentvHuetherv&vMcCance:vUnderstandingvPathophysio
logy,v6thvEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterv42:vAlterationsvofvthevIntegumentvinvChildren............................................................................................. 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
v v v
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
v v v v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
1. Avstudentvisvobservingvavcellvundervthevmicroscope.vItvisvobservedvtovhavevsupercoiledvDNAv
withvhistones.vWhichvofvthevfollowingvwouldvalsovbevobservedvbyvthevstudent?
a. Avsinglevcircularvchromosome
b. Avnucleus
c. Free-floatingvnuclearvmaterial
d. Novorganelles
ANS:v B
Thevcellvdescribedvisvaveukaryoticvcell,vsovitvhasvhistonesvandvavsupercoiledvDNAvwithinvitsvnucl
eus;vthus,vthevnucleusvshouldvbevobserved.vAvsinglevcircularvchromosomevcalledvavprokaryotevc
ontainsvfree-floatingvnuclearvmaterialvbutvhasvnovorganelles.
REF:vp.v2
2. Avnursevisvinstructingvthevstaffvaboutvcellularvfunctions.vWhichvcellularvfunctionvisvthevnursevd
escribingvwhenvanvisolatedvcellvabsorbsvoxygenvandvusesvitvtovtransformvnutrientsvtovenergy?
a. Metabolicvabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:vD
Thevcell’svabilityvtovabsorbvoxygenvisvreferredvtovasvrespirationvwhilevitsvcommunicationvabilityvinvolv
esvmaintenancevofvavsteadyvdynamicvstate,vmetabolicvabsorptionvprovidesvnutrition,vandvsecretionvallo
wsvforvthevsynthesizingvofvnewvsubstances.
REF:vp.v2
3. AveukaryoticvcellvisvundergoingvDNAvreplication.vInvwhichvregionvofvthevcellvwouldvmostvofvt
hevgeneticvinformationvbevcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusvCytoplasm
ANS:vC
Thevregionvofvthevcellvthatvcontainsvgeneticvmaterial,vincludingvavlargevamountvofvribonucleicvaci
d,vmostvofvthevDNA,vandvDNA-
bindingvproteins,visvthevnucleolus,vwhichvisvlocatedvwithinvthevcell’svnucleus.vMitochondriavisvas
sociatedvwithvcellularvrespiration,vwhilevribosomesvarevinvolvedvwithvproteinvmanufacturing.vC
ytoplasmvisvavfluidvfillingvthatvisvavcomponentvofvthevcell.
REF:vp.v2
