DELETED: MUSCLES OF THE HAND AND FOOT
FIRST SEMESTER
BONES
JOINTS
MUSCLES
PERIPHERIC VESSELS AND NERVES
Corina Beiusanu
2016
1
, THE BONES OF THE TRUNK
- Vertebrae
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Scapula
- Clavicle
THE VERTEBRAE
- they are 33-34 in number
- they are rings placed one above another which form a single column called
vertebral or spinal column
- vertebral column has the following parts:
- cervical part – noted C1 – C7
- thoracic part – noted T1 – T12
- lumbar part – noted L1 – L5
- sacral part
- coccygian part
- the first three parts form true vertebrae – called in this way because they are
independent and mobile
- the last two parts form false vertebrae – called in this way because the
vertebrae fused to form the sacrum bone and the coccyx bone
I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRAE
- the vertebra presents – a body
- an arch
- processes
- the body – is situated anterior
- it has - an upper surface
- a lower surface
- in the posterior part, the body presents many nutrient foramina
which serve for the passage of vessels and nerves into the bone
substance
- the bodies of the vertebrae are joined by means of intervertebral
discs (cartilages) – so that it results a very flexible column
2
,- the arch – it forms the posterior and lateral boundaries of the vertebral
foramen; between the vertebral body and arch there is the pedicle of
vertebral arch (one on the left side and one on the right side)
- processes – are 7 in number
- one of them is unpaired – it extends from the middle of the arch
and it goes backward; it is called spinous process
- the other processes are paired:
- articular processes – which are 2 superior and 2 inferiors,
they serve to the articulation with suprayacent and subyacent
vertebra (suprayacent = proximally upper vertebra; subyacent
= proximally lower vertebra)
- transverse processes – extend from the lateral surfaces of the
vertebral arch
!!! Between the body and the arch there is the vertebral foramen. The foramina
are placed one above another and form the vertebral canal.
!!! Between two neighboring vertebrae there is the intervertebral foramen for
the spinal nerves and vessels.
3
, II. PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRAE
1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
- they are 7 in number
- they are characterized by:
- small low bodies – exception the first two vertebrae
- the spinous process is bifid
- the transverse processes are short and project laterally and it has foramen
transversarium for vessels (arteries and veins)
- the upper surface of each process carries a deep groove for the spinal
nerve – it separates an anterior tubercle from the posterior tubercle
- the transverse process has the articular processes are short, extended
obliquely
!!! exception C1, C2, C6, C7
4
FIRST SEMESTER
BONES
JOINTS
MUSCLES
PERIPHERIC VESSELS AND NERVES
Corina Beiusanu
2016
1
, THE BONES OF THE TRUNK
- Vertebrae
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Scapula
- Clavicle
THE VERTEBRAE
- they are 33-34 in number
- they are rings placed one above another which form a single column called
vertebral or spinal column
- vertebral column has the following parts:
- cervical part – noted C1 – C7
- thoracic part – noted T1 – T12
- lumbar part – noted L1 – L5
- sacral part
- coccygian part
- the first three parts form true vertebrae – called in this way because they are
independent and mobile
- the last two parts form false vertebrae – called in this way because the
vertebrae fused to form the sacrum bone and the coccyx bone
I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRAE
- the vertebra presents – a body
- an arch
- processes
- the body – is situated anterior
- it has - an upper surface
- a lower surface
- in the posterior part, the body presents many nutrient foramina
which serve for the passage of vessels and nerves into the bone
substance
- the bodies of the vertebrae are joined by means of intervertebral
discs (cartilages) – so that it results a very flexible column
2
,- the arch – it forms the posterior and lateral boundaries of the vertebral
foramen; between the vertebral body and arch there is the pedicle of
vertebral arch (one on the left side and one on the right side)
- processes – are 7 in number
- one of them is unpaired – it extends from the middle of the arch
and it goes backward; it is called spinous process
- the other processes are paired:
- articular processes – which are 2 superior and 2 inferiors,
they serve to the articulation with suprayacent and subyacent
vertebra (suprayacent = proximally upper vertebra; subyacent
= proximally lower vertebra)
- transverse processes – extend from the lateral surfaces of the
vertebral arch
!!! Between the body and the arch there is the vertebral foramen. The foramina
are placed one above another and form the vertebral canal.
!!! Between two neighboring vertebrae there is the intervertebral foramen for
the spinal nerves and vessels.
3
, II. PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRAE
1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
- they are 7 in number
- they are characterized by:
- small low bodies – exception the first two vertebrae
- the spinous process is bifid
- the transverse processes are short and project laterally and it has foramen
transversarium for vessels (arteries and veins)
- the upper surface of each process carries a deep groove for the spinal
nerve – it separates an anterior tubercle from the posterior tubercle
- the transverse process has the articular processes are short, extended
obliquely
!!! exception C1, C2, C6, C7
4
