SOC 300 Final Exam Questions with Verified Answers.
Types of Field Research - > -participant observation
-intensive (in-depth) interviewing
-focus groups
Participant observation - > a method for gathering data that involves developing a
sustained relationship with people while they go about their normal activities
Intensive (depth) interviewing - > a method that involves open-ended, relatively
unstructured questioning in which the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the
interviewer's feeling, experiences, and perceptions
Focus groups - > involves unstructured group interviews in which the _______ _______
leader actively encourages discussion among participants on the topics of interest
Overt Observation - > When a researcher announces her role as a research observer, her
presence is much more likely to alter the social situation being observed.
Covert Observation - > researchers try to see things as they happen, without actively
participating in these events.
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research - > Voluntary participation
Subject well-being
Identity disclosure
Confidentiality
emic focus - > representing a setting with the participants' terms and from their viewpoint
etic focus - > representing a setting with the researchers' terms and from their viewpoint
Alternative Approaches in Qualitative Data Analysis - > 1. Ethnography
2. Ethnomethodology
3. Qualitative comparative analysis
,4. Narrative analysis
5. Conversational analysis
6. Case-oriented understanding
7. Grounded theory
8. Participatory action research
9. Visual sociology
reflexivity - > Confidence in the conclusions from a field research study is strengthened by:
-an honest and informative account about how the researcher interacted with subjects in
the field,
-what problems he or she encountered,
and how these problems were or were not resolved
6 ways of looking for patterns in qualitative research - > Frequencies
Magnitudes
Structures
Processes
Causes
Consequences
Variable-oriented analysis - > an analysis that describes and/or explains a particular
variable
Case-oriented analysis - > an analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several
cases by looking closely at the details of each.
descriptive statistics - > statistical computations describing either the characteristics of a
sample or the relationship among variables in a sample
inferential statistics - > the body of statistical computations relevant to making inferences
from findings based on sample observations to some larger population
Qualitative analysis - > The focus on text—on _____ data rather than on numbers—is the
most important feature of ______ analysis
,data cleaning - > process of checking data for errors after the data has been entered in a
computer file
Univariate Analysis - > the analysis of a single variable, for purposes of description.
includes:
frequency distribution
measures of central tendency
measures of dispersion
Measures of Central Tendency - > Mean
Median
Mode
Frequency Distributions - > a description of the number of times the various attributes of a
variable are observed in a sample.
Central Tendency - > Average - an ambiguous term generally suggesting typical or normal
Dispersion - > the distribution of values around some central value, such as an average.
Standard Deviation - > a measure of dispersion around the mean
Measures of Dispersion - > Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Continuous Variable - > a variable whose attributes form a steady progression, such as
age or income.
Discrete Variable - > a variable whose attributes are separate from one another or
discontinuous, such as gender or religious affiliation
, Skewness - > The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of a
distribution of a quantitative variable
Kurtosis - > A measure of the "peakedness" or the "flatness" of a distribution
Normal Distribution - > A function that represents the distribution of variables as a
symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
Bivariate Analysis - > the analysis of two variables simultaneously, for the purpose of
determining the empirical relationship between them.
Reading a Bivariate Table - > If the table is percentaged down, read across.
If the table is percentaged across, read down.
Contingency Table - > a format for presenting the relationship among variables as
percentage distributions.
Elaboration Model - > a logical model for understanding the relationship between two
variables by controlling for the effects of a third
Origins of the elaboration model - > Samuel Stouffer's work with the U.S. Army
Paul Lazarsfeld (1946) at Columbia University
Test Variable - > a variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify further the
relationship between two other variables
Zero-Order Relationship - > in the elaboration model, this is the original relationship
between two variables, with no test variable used as a control
Replication - > an elaboration model outcome in which the initially observed relationship
between two variables persists when a control (or test) variable is held constant
supports the idea that the original relationship is genuine
Explanation - > an elaboration model outcome in which the original relationship between
two variables is revealed to have been spurious
Types of Field Research - > -participant observation
-intensive (in-depth) interviewing
-focus groups
Participant observation - > a method for gathering data that involves developing a
sustained relationship with people while they go about their normal activities
Intensive (depth) interviewing - > a method that involves open-ended, relatively
unstructured questioning in which the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the
interviewer's feeling, experiences, and perceptions
Focus groups - > involves unstructured group interviews in which the _______ _______
leader actively encourages discussion among participants on the topics of interest
Overt Observation - > When a researcher announces her role as a research observer, her
presence is much more likely to alter the social situation being observed.
Covert Observation - > researchers try to see things as they happen, without actively
participating in these events.
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research - > Voluntary participation
Subject well-being
Identity disclosure
Confidentiality
emic focus - > representing a setting with the participants' terms and from their viewpoint
etic focus - > representing a setting with the researchers' terms and from their viewpoint
Alternative Approaches in Qualitative Data Analysis - > 1. Ethnography
2. Ethnomethodology
3. Qualitative comparative analysis
,4. Narrative analysis
5. Conversational analysis
6. Case-oriented understanding
7. Grounded theory
8. Participatory action research
9. Visual sociology
reflexivity - > Confidence in the conclusions from a field research study is strengthened by:
-an honest and informative account about how the researcher interacted with subjects in
the field,
-what problems he or she encountered,
and how these problems were or were not resolved
6 ways of looking for patterns in qualitative research - > Frequencies
Magnitudes
Structures
Processes
Causes
Consequences
Variable-oriented analysis - > an analysis that describes and/or explains a particular
variable
Case-oriented analysis - > an analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several
cases by looking closely at the details of each.
descriptive statistics - > statistical computations describing either the characteristics of a
sample or the relationship among variables in a sample
inferential statistics - > the body of statistical computations relevant to making inferences
from findings based on sample observations to some larger population
Qualitative analysis - > The focus on text—on _____ data rather than on numbers—is the
most important feature of ______ analysis
,data cleaning - > process of checking data for errors after the data has been entered in a
computer file
Univariate Analysis - > the analysis of a single variable, for purposes of description.
includes:
frequency distribution
measures of central tendency
measures of dispersion
Measures of Central Tendency - > Mean
Median
Mode
Frequency Distributions - > a description of the number of times the various attributes of a
variable are observed in a sample.
Central Tendency - > Average - an ambiguous term generally suggesting typical or normal
Dispersion - > the distribution of values around some central value, such as an average.
Standard Deviation - > a measure of dispersion around the mean
Measures of Dispersion - > Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Continuous Variable - > a variable whose attributes form a steady progression, such as
age or income.
Discrete Variable - > a variable whose attributes are separate from one another or
discontinuous, such as gender or religious affiliation
, Skewness - > The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of a
distribution of a quantitative variable
Kurtosis - > A measure of the "peakedness" or the "flatness" of a distribution
Normal Distribution - > A function that represents the distribution of variables as a
symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
Bivariate Analysis - > the analysis of two variables simultaneously, for the purpose of
determining the empirical relationship between them.
Reading a Bivariate Table - > If the table is percentaged down, read across.
If the table is percentaged across, read down.
Contingency Table - > a format for presenting the relationship among variables as
percentage distributions.
Elaboration Model - > a logical model for understanding the relationship between two
variables by controlling for the effects of a third
Origins of the elaboration model - > Samuel Stouffer's work with the U.S. Army
Paul Lazarsfeld (1946) at Columbia University
Test Variable - > a variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify further the
relationship between two other variables
Zero-Order Relationship - > in the elaboration model, this is the original relationship
between two variables, with no test variable used as a control
Replication - > an elaboration model outcome in which the initially observed relationship
between two variables persists when a control (or test) variable is held constant
supports the idea that the original relationship is genuine
Explanation - > an elaboration model outcome in which the original relationship between
two variables is revealed to have been spurious
