BLD 324 EXAM III QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
-no renewal of cellular enzymes
-gradual loss of cell functions, including energy production (no ATP)
-unable to keep ions outside so there is more Na+ and more water, unable to keep
hemoglobin reduced and enable to maintain integrity of membrane or cell shape
(decreased flexibility)
how does the lack of a nucleus affect rbc?
spleen
what is the major site of removal of senescent rbc?
-contains arteries that enter at the outside and branch into arterioles that reach
the parenchyma (tissue) which includes the white pulp: arteries surrounded by
lymphoid cells and the red pulp: stagnant flow of rbc here, contains macrophages
-rbc that can't withstand its environment are turned into spherocytes
-it will clean up rbc with certain defects before they re-enter circulation: pitting
and polishing
spleen anatomy and function
arteries surrounded by lymphoid cells in the spleen
peri-arterial sheath, together with lymph nodes form the white pulp of the spleen.
red pulp of the spleen
,part of spleen separated into cords of Billroth by connective tissue indentations from the
capsule. Blood cells from arterioles are slowly flowing towards the venous sinuses and
must be flexible and deformable to be able to squeeze out between the endothelial cells
lining the sinus. Macrophages also reside here. The movement of rbc through here is
very stagnant bc it creates an environment that is metabolically stressful for rbc
it creates an environment that is metabolically stressful for rbc. Low oxygen
tension, glucose availability is limited and pH is low.
why is the movement of rbc through the red pulp of the spleen very stagnant?
they cannot squeeze out into the venous sinus and become spherocytes. Some
may just lyse by fragmentation and then their contents enter the plasma leaving
the spleen and others are trapped in the pulp and phagocytized by macrophages
and the contents are reprocessed by the macrophages.
what happens to rbc that can not withstand the stressful environment in the spleen due
to advanced age?
pitting
a function of the spleen that involves the removal of particulate matter (ex: inclusions)
within rbc like pieces of nucleus, denatured hgb, iron deposits and malarial parasites.
This is done mechanically when a cell squeezes through the endothelial lining of the
venous sinus and particles remain behind while most of the cell squeezes through and
the membrane reseals. The macrophages will engulf what is leftover
polishing
occurs in the spleen to clean up rbc with certain defects before they re-enter circulation.
Normally it smooths the surface of the cell through the action of macrophages on
, reticulocytes to remove unneeded receptors, extra membrane, expelled organelles and
allows them to attain the bi-concave shape. This abnormally happens in a dying rbc
when there is recognition of abnormal portions of the membrane (like aged membrane
glycoproteins or antibodies and complement on a cell) and they will partially engulf the
cell and remove the defective membrane, the membrane reseals and a portion of the
cell continues in circulation usually as a spherocyte
1. globin enters the amino acid pool
2. iron is separated and stored as ferritin
3. protoporphyrin IX is broken down into bilirubin (indirect/unconjugated)
reprocessing of rbc components by/in macrophages
1. globin enters the amino acid pool
2. iron is separated and stored as ferritin
3. protoporphyrin IX is broken down into bilirubin (indirect/unconjugated)
4. bilirubin is secreted in the plasma and binds to albumin then is transported to
the liver
5. the liver conjugates it with two glucuronide molecules and makes bilirubin
diglucuronide (conjugated/direct)
6. moves from the liver to the gallbladder to the bile duct to the small intestine
7. Bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen in the intestine by the action of bacteria
8. excreted in the stool, some is reabsorbed by the portal circulation and re-
excreted through the liver into the bile or excreted in the urine
breakdown of hemoglobin process
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
-no renewal of cellular enzymes
-gradual loss of cell functions, including energy production (no ATP)
-unable to keep ions outside so there is more Na+ and more water, unable to keep
hemoglobin reduced and enable to maintain integrity of membrane or cell shape
(decreased flexibility)
how does the lack of a nucleus affect rbc?
spleen
what is the major site of removal of senescent rbc?
-contains arteries that enter at the outside and branch into arterioles that reach
the parenchyma (tissue) which includes the white pulp: arteries surrounded by
lymphoid cells and the red pulp: stagnant flow of rbc here, contains macrophages
-rbc that can't withstand its environment are turned into spherocytes
-it will clean up rbc with certain defects before they re-enter circulation: pitting
and polishing
spleen anatomy and function
arteries surrounded by lymphoid cells in the spleen
peri-arterial sheath, together with lymph nodes form the white pulp of the spleen.
red pulp of the spleen
,part of spleen separated into cords of Billroth by connective tissue indentations from the
capsule. Blood cells from arterioles are slowly flowing towards the venous sinuses and
must be flexible and deformable to be able to squeeze out between the endothelial cells
lining the sinus. Macrophages also reside here. The movement of rbc through here is
very stagnant bc it creates an environment that is metabolically stressful for rbc
it creates an environment that is metabolically stressful for rbc. Low oxygen
tension, glucose availability is limited and pH is low.
why is the movement of rbc through the red pulp of the spleen very stagnant?
they cannot squeeze out into the venous sinus and become spherocytes. Some
may just lyse by fragmentation and then their contents enter the plasma leaving
the spleen and others are trapped in the pulp and phagocytized by macrophages
and the contents are reprocessed by the macrophages.
what happens to rbc that can not withstand the stressful environment in the spleen due
to advanced age?
pitting
a function of the spleen that involves the removal of particulate matter (ex: inclusions)
within rbc like pieces of nucleus, denatured hgb, iron deposits and malarial parasites.
This is done mechanically when a cell squeezes through the endothelial lining of the
venous sinus and particles remain behind while most of the cell squeezes through and
the membrane reseals. The macrophages will engulf what is leftover
polishing
occurs in the spleen to clean up rbc with certain defects before they re-enter circulation.
Normally it smooths the surface of the cell through the action of macrophages on
, reticulocytes to remove unneeded receptors, extra membrane, expelled organelles and
allows them to attain the bi-concave shape. This abnormally happens in a dying rbc
when there is recognition of abnormal portions of the membrane (like aged membrane
glycoproteins or antibodies and complement on a cell) and they will partially engulf the
cell and remove the defective membrane, the membrane reseals and a portion of the
cell continues in circulation usually as a spherocyte
1. globin enters the amino acid pool
2. iron is separated and stored as ferritin
3. protoporphyrin IX is broken down into bilirubin (indirect/unconjugated)
reprocessing of rbc components by/in macrophages
1. globin enters the amino acid pool
2. iron is separated and stored as ferritin
3. protoporphyrin IX is broken down into bilirubin (indirect/unconjugated)
4. bilirubin is secreted in the plasma and binds to albumin then is transported to
the liver
5. the liver conjugates it with two glucuronide molecules and makes bilirubin
diglucuronide (conjugated/direct)
6. moves from the liver to the gallbladder to the bile duct to the small intestine
7. Bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen in the intestine by the action of bacteria
8. excreted in the stool, some is reabsorbed by the portal circulation and re-
excreted through the liver into the bile or excreted in the urine
breakdown of hemoglobin process
