BLD 324 EXAM 2 REVIEW, BLD 324 EXAM 3 ALL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
When MCHC is above the reference range, the RBCs are described as:
Normochromic
After splenectomy, what is not expected in the RBCs?
Polychromasia
Is Urobilinogen water soluble?
Yes
Is indirect bilirubin water soluble?
No
Is direct bilinogen water soluble?
yes
The Rapport-Leubering shunt of the glycolic pathway produces:
2,3 BPG
The role of methemoglobin reductase is to:
Maintain heme iron in the ferrous state
Maintaining reduced glutathione is critical for red blood cells to
Prevent oxidation reactions by peroxide
The relationship between RDW and the MCV is such that
They change independently
If not measured directly, Hematocrit can be calculated using:
MCV and RBC count
,When the MCHC is below the reference range, the cells are described as:
Hypochromic
How is MCV determined using the Coulter Principle (impedance)?
Amount of electrical resistance by an RBC as it passes through an orifice
Hemoglobin F has which globin chain composition?
2 alpha and 2 gamma
What chromosome are alpha globin genes on?
Chromosome 16
Oxygenated Hgb=
Relaxed configuration
Attachment of the RBC's cytoskeleton to the outer lipid membrane involves
-spectrin
-ankyrin
-band 3
-protein 4.1
-glycophorin C
Increased variation in RBC shape is reflected in which CBC measurement?
RDW
Using the Coulter Principle of impedance, how is RBC volume measured?
The magnitude of electrical interruption in a solution by RBCs
What is the Embebden-Myerhoff pathway (anaerobic glycolysis)? for RBC Energy
Production?
,It generates ATP since mature RBCs don't have mitochondria
1) has to maintain the intracellular iron gradient (ATP-dependent ion channel)
2) maintain Hgb iron in the Fe2+ state
3) maintain membrane flexibility
What is the hexose-monophosphate shunt?
-prevents permanent damage to Hgb and membrane from peroxides
-reduced glutathione (GSH) becomes oxidized instead
-GSH gets reduced using NADPH-->NADP (NADP-->NADPH using G6PD)
What is the Rapport-Leubering Shunt?
a) in anaerobic glycolysis, bypass 1 ATP producing step to make 2,3 BPG- for O2
transport
b) 2,3 BPG is critical for O2 delivery to tissues
What is the methemoglobin (Fe3+) reductase pathway?
a) maintains reduced heme iron (Fe2+)
b) anaerobic glycolysis used NADPH that changes metHgb (Fe3+) to Hgb (Fe2+)
What causes failure of glycolysis?
Enzyme depletion over time and RBC senescence
Characterized by:
-oxidation (damage) of membrane lipids
-ion pumps fail- too much Na+ will enter the cell and cause it to lyse
-membrane rigidity and loss of discoid shape
-loss of function to various membrane protein and receptors
, -splenic macrophages ingesting RBCs- RBC will not be able to function normally and
easily move through membranes
Why do RBCs rely on glycolysis for energy production?
Because they do not have mitochondria to make ATP
What is the spleen a major site of?
Removal of senescent RBCs
What are the causes of RBCs' 120 day lifespan?
-nuclear elimination
-mitochondrial digestion
-rigidity of RBC membrane
-spleen and macrophages
What is culling of the spleen?
remove old/dying RBCs
What is macrophage ingestion of RBCs?
RBCs trapped in the pulp and phagocytized by macrophages; RBC contents are
recycled by the macrophage
What is the pitting function of the spleen?
Removes particulate matter with in the RBCs
What is the polishing (remodeling) function of the spleen?
Normally- smooths surface of the cell (creates membrane flexibility); action of
macrophages on retics to remove unneeded receptors (TFR), removes excess
membrane organelles remaining
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
When MCHC is above the reference range, the RBCs are described as:
Normochromic
After splenectomy, what is not expected in the RBCs?
Polychromasia
Is Urobilinogen water soluble?
Yes
Is indirect bilirubin water soluble?
No
Is direct bilinogen water soluble?
yes
The Rapport-Leubering shunt of the glycolic pathway produces:
2,3 BPG
The role of methemoglobin reductase is to:
Maintain heme iron in the ferrous state
Maintaining reduced glutathione is critical for red blood cells to
Prevent oxidation reactions by peroxide
The relationship between RDW and the MCV is such that
They change independently
If not measured directly, Hematocrit can be calculated using:
MCV and RBC count
,When the MCHC is below the reference range, the cells are described as:
Hypochromic
How is MCV determined using the Coulter Principle (impedance)?
Amount of electrical resistance by an RBC as it passes through an orifice
Hemoglobin F has which globin chain composition?
2 alpha and 2 gamma
What chromosome are alpha globin genes on?
Chromosome 16
Oxygenated Hgb=
Relaxed configuration
Attachment of the RBC's cytoskeleton to the outer lipid membrane involves
-spectrin
-ankyrin
-band 3
-protein 4.1
-glycophorin C
Increased variation in RBC shape is reflected in which CBC measurement?
RDW
Using the Coulter Principle of impedance, how is RBC volume measured?
The magnitude of electrical interruption in a solution by RBCs
What is the Embebden-Myerhoff pathway (anaerobic glycolysis)? for RBC Energy
Production?
,It generates ATP since mature RBCs don't have mitochondria
1) has to maintain the intracellular iron gradient (ATP-dependent ion channel)
2) maintain Hgb iron in the Fe2+ state
3) maintain membrane flexibility
What is the hexose-monophosphate shunt?
-prevents permanent damage to Hgb and membrane from peroxides
-reduced glutathione (GSH) becomes oxidized instead
-GSH gets reduced using NADPH-->NADP (NADP-->NADPH using G6PD)
What is the Rapport-Leubering Shunt?
a) in anaerobic glycolysis, bypass 1 ATP producing step to make 2,3 BPG- for O2
transport
b) 2,3 BPG is critical for O2 delivery to tissues
What is the methemoglobin (Fe3+) reductase pathway?
a) maintains reduced heme iron (Fe2+)
b) anaerobic glycolysis used NADPH that changes metHgb (Fe3+) to Hgb (Fe2+)
What causes failure of glycolysis?
Enzyme depletion over time and RBC senescence
Characterized by:
-oxidation (damage) of membrane lipids
-ion pumps fail- too much Na+ will enter the cell and cause it to lyse
-membrane rigidity and loss of discoid shape
-loss of function to various membrane protein and receptors
, -splenic macrophages ingesting RBCs- RBC will not be able to function normally and
easily move through membranes
Why do RBCs rely on glycolysis for energy production?
Because they do not have mitochondria to make ATP
What is the spleen a major site of?
Removal of senescent RBCs
What are the causes of RBCs' 120 day lifespan?
-nuclear elimination
-mitochondrial digestion
-rigidity of RBC membrane
-spleen and macrophages
What is culling of the spleen?
remove old/dying RBCs
What is macrophage ingestion of RBCs?
RBCs trapped in the pulp and phagocytized by macrophages; RBC contents are
recycled by the macrophage
What is the pitting function of the spleen?
Removes particulate matter with in the RBCs
What is the polishing (remodeling) function of the spleen?
Normally- smooths surface of the cell (creates membrane flexibility); action of
macrophages on retics to remove unneeded receptors (TFR), removes excess
membrane organelles remaining
