PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – NR283
1. Which of the following terms describes the study of the functional changes that occur in the
body as a result of a disease?
a) Anatomy
b) Pathophysiology
c) Pharmacology
d) Epidemiology
Answer: b) Pathophysiology-
2. What is the primary cause of cellular injury due to a lack of oxygen?
a) Ischemia
b) Inflammation
c) Necrosis
d) Apoptosis
Answer: a) Ischemia
3. In the context of inflammation, which of the following substances is primarily responsible for
vasodilation?
a) Prostaglandins
b) Histamine
c) Cytokines
d) Leukotrienes
Answer: b) Histamine
4. Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of heart failure?
a) Hematuria
b) Tachycardia
c) Jaundice
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: b) Tachycardia
5. What is the primary hormone involved in regulating blood glucose levels?
a) Cortisol
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxine
d) Glucagon
Answer: b) Insulin
6. A patient with liver cirrhosis is most likely to experience which of the following
complications?
a) Hyperkalemia
, b) Ascites
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Hypertension
Answer: b) Ascites
7. Which of the following diagnostic tests is most commonly used to assess cardiac function?
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
b) CT scan
c) MRI
d) Ultrasonography
Answer: a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
8. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the primary defect is:
a) Insulin resistance
b) Insufficient insulin production
c) Excess glucagon secretion
d) Increased glycogen synthesis
Answer: b) Insufficient insulin production
9. Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing hypertension?
a) Low sodium intake
b) Regular exercise
c) High alcohol consumption
d) Low body mass index
Answer: c) High alcohol consumption
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10. What is the term used for the programmed cell death that occurs as a normal physiological
process?
a) Necrosis
b) Inflammation
c) Apoptosis
d) Fibrosis
Answer: c) Apoptosis
11. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) B lymphocytes
, d) T lymphocytes
Answer: c) B lymphocytes
12. The term used to describe the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the
body's needs is:
a) Angina
b) Ischemia
c) Heart failure
d) Myocardial infarction
Answer: c) Heart failure
13. In asthma, which type of response leads to bronchoconstriction?
a) Allergic response
b) Autoimmune response
c) Inflammatory response
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Allergic response
14. What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Air pollution
b) Genetic factors
c) Smoking
d) Viral infections
Answer: c) Smoking
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15. Which of the following lab values would likely be elevated in a patient with renal failure?
a) Glucose
b) Urea nitrogen
c) Hemoglobin
d) Calcium
Answer: b) Urea nitrogen
---
16. What is the main physiological effect of glucocorticoids during stress?
a) Decrease in blood glucose levels
b) Increase in immune response
c) Increase in blood glucose levels
1. Which of the following terms describes the study of the functional changes that occur in the
body as a result of a disease?
a) Anatomy
b) Pathophysiology
c) Pharmacology
d) Epidemiology
Answer: b) Pathophysiology-
2. What is the primary cause of cellular injury due to a lack of oxygen?
a) Ischemia
b) Inflammation
c) Necrosis
d) Apoptosis
Answer: a) Ischemia
3. In the context of inflammation, which of the following substances is primarily responsible for
vasodilation?
a) Prostaglandins
b) Histamine
c) Cytokines
d) Leukotrienes
Answer: b) Histamine
4. Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of heart failure?
a) Hematuria
b) Tachycardia
c) Jaundice
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: b) Tachycardia
5. What is the primary hormone involved in regulating blood glucose levels?
a) Cortisol
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxine
d) Glucagon
Answer: b) Insulin
6. A patient with liver cirrhosis is most likely to experience which of the following
complications?
a) Hyperkalemia
, b) Ascites
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Hypertension
Answer: b) Ascites
7. Which of the following diagnostic tests is most commonly used to assess cardiac function?
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
b) CT scan
c) MRI
d) Ultrasonography
Answer: a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
8. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the primary defect is:
a) Insulin resistance
b) Insufficient insulin production
c) Excess glucagon secretion
d) Increased glycogen synthesis
Answer: b) Insufficient insulin production
9. Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing hypertension?
a) Low sodium intake
b) Regular exercise
c) High alcohol consumption
d) Low body mass index
Answer: c) High alcohol consumption
---
10. What is the term used for the programmed cell death that occurs as a normal physiological
process?
a) Necrosis
b) Inflammation
c) Apoptosis
d) Fibrosis
Answer: c) Apoptosis
11. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) B lymphocytes
, d) T lymphocytes
Answer: c) B lymphocytes
12. The term used to describe the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the
body's needs is:
a) Angina
b) Ischemia
c) Heart failure
d) Myocardial infarction
Answer: c) Heart failure
13. In asthma, which type of response leads to bronchoconstriction?
a) Allergic response
b) Autoimmune response
c) Inflammatory response
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Allergic response
14. What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Air pollution
b) Genetic factors
c) Smoking
d) Viral infections
Answer: c) Smoking
---
15. Which of the following lab values would likely be elevated in a patient with renal failure?
a) Glucose
b) Urea nitrogen
c) Hemoglobin
d) Calcium
Answer: b) Urea nitrogen
---
16. What is the main physiological effect of glucocorticoids during stress?
a) Decrease in blood glucose levels
b) Increase in immune response
c) Increase in blood glucose levels
