BIOL373 UNIT 4-5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
What are 4 things physicians are interested in when looking at urine?
1. Colour
2. Clear/cloudy
3. Odour
4. Flavour
Why did physicians historically look at urine?
To determine health.
What was diagnosed by the flavour and quantity of urine? (2)
1. Diabetes mellitus -> sweet taste
2. Diabetes insipidus -> copious amounts but dull taste (not sweet)
What are the 6 roles of the kidney?
1. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2. Regulate plasma osmolarity
3. Regulate ion balance
4. Regulate plasma pH
5. Excretion of waste
6. Endocrine Function
How is plasma osmolarity regulated by the kidneys?
Integrates kidney function with behaviour (drinking).
,How is ion balance regulated by the kidneys?
Na+ (ECF volume, osmolarity) and K+, Ca2+
How do the kidneys regulate plasma pH?
1. Acid -> removes H+, conserve HCO3-
2. Base -> vice versa
What are the 2 types of waste kidneys excrete?
1. endogenous -> nitrogenous product of metabolism, breakdown products of hormones
2. exogenous -> drugs, environmental toxins
What role do kidneys play in endocrine function?
erythropoietin (driver of red blood cell synthesis), renin (part of endocrine cascade
regulating Na+ balance, ECF volume and blood pressure), and produces enzymes that
participates in Ca2+ homeostasis.
What vessel goes into the kidneys?
The renal artery (one to each kidney) from the aorta.
What vessel goes out the kidneys?
The renal vein going into the in vena cava.
What is the body weight to cardiac output ratio of the kidneys?
0.5% of body weight but get 20-25% of the cardiac output.
Why is cardiac output to the kidneys so high?
Because they filter the blood.
What is the outer part of the kidney called?
Cortex.
What is the inner part of the kidney called?
,Medulla.
What are the 2 nephrons in the kidneys?
1. Cortical nephron
2. Juxtamedullary nephron
(the tubular and vascular elements of the kidneys)
Where is the cortical nephron within the kidneys?
In the cortex.
Where is the juxtamedullary nephron within the kidneys?
Close to the dividing line between the cortex and the medulla but most of their anatomy
is deep into the medulla.
What is the pathway from the collecting ducts in the kidney?
After the filtration of the blood has occurred (nephrons) and the things that we are going
to get rid of dumps into the renal pelvis and travels via the ureter to the bladder where
its stored until it can be eliminated -> all collecting ducts pass through the medulla.
What do the nephrons do in the kidneys?
They are a filtration unit.
How many nephrons are there per kidney?
A million.
How does the blood supply get to all the nephrons?
Vascular supply to each nephron can be depicted by a bulge (specialized knot of
capillaries called a glomerulus/glomerular capillaries) which is stacked.
What is the glomerulus used for?
The filtration process of the kidneys.
, What are the loops on the nephrons called?
Loops of Henle.
Where is the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephron?
Deep within the medulla.
What is the structure around the glomerulus called?
Bowman's capsule (tubular).
What is the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus + bowman's capsule
What is it called when you are going towards the glomerulus?
Afferent.
What is it called when you are going away from the glomerulus?
Efferent.
What is it called when you are close to the glomerulus?
Proximal.
What is it called when you are far from the glomerulus?
Distal.
What is the pathway of the tubular elements of the nephron? (7)
1. Bowman's capsule
2. Proximal tubule
3. Descending limb of loop of Henle (right)
4. Ascending limb of loop of Henle (left)
5. Distal tubule (closely associated with the bowman's capsule + glomerulus)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
What are 4 things physicians are interested in when looking at urine?
1. Colour
2. Clear/cloudy
3. Odour
4. Flavour
Why did physicians historically look at urine?
To determine health.
What was diagnosed by the flavour and quantity of urine? (2)
1. Diabetes mellitus -> sweet taste
2. Diabetes insipidus -> copious amounts but dull taste (not sweet)
What are the 6 roles of the kidney?
1. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2. Regulate plasma osmolarity
3. Regulate ion balance
4. Regulate plasma pH
5. Excretion of waste
6. Endocrine Function
How is plasma osmolarity regulated by the kidneys?
Integrates kidney function with behaviour (drinking).
,How is ion balance regulated by the kidneys?
Na+ (ECF volume, osmolarity) and K+, Ca2+
How do the kidneys regulate plasma pH?
1. Acid -> removes H+, conserve HCO3-
2. Base -> vice versa
What are the 2 types of waste kidneys excrete?
1. endogenous -> nitrogenous product of metabolism, breakdown products of hormones
2. exogenous -> drugs, environmental toxins
What role do kidneys play in endocrine function?
erythropoietin (driver of red blood cell synthesis), renin (part of endocrine cascade
regulating Na+ balance, ECF volume and blood pressure), and produces enzymes that
participates in Ca2+ homeostasis.
What vessel goes into the kidneys?
The renal artery (one to each kidney) from the aorta.
What vessel goes out the kidneys?
The renal vein going into the in vena cava.
What is the body weight to cardiac output ratio of the kidneys?
0.5% of body weight but get 20-25% of the cardiac output.
Why is cardiac output to the kidneys so high?
Because they filter the blood.
What is the outer part of the kidney called?
Cortex.
What is the inner part of the kidney called?
,Medulla.
What are the 2 nephrons in the kidneys?
1. Cortical nephron
2. Juxtamedullary nephron
(the tubular and vascular elements of the kidneys)
Where is the cortical nephron within the kidneys?
In the cortex.
Where is the juxtamedullary nephron within the kidneys?
Close to the dividing line between the cortex and the medulla but most of their anatomy
is deep into the medulla.
What is the pathway from the collecting ducts in the kidney?
After the filtration of the blood has occurred (nephrons) and the things that we are going
to get rid of dumps into the renal pelvis and travels via the ureter to the bladder where
its stored until it can be eliminated -> all collecting ducts pass through the medulla.
What do the nephrons do in the kidneys?
They are a filtration unit.
How many nephrons are there per kidney?
A million.
How does the blood supply get to all the nephrons?
Vascular supply to each nephron can be depicted by a bulge (specialized knot of
capillaries called a glomerulus/glomerular capillaries) which is stacked.
What is the glomerulus used for?
The filtration process of the kidneys.
, What are the loops on the nephrons called?
Loops of Henle.
Where is the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephron?
Deep within the medulla.
What is the structure around the glomerulus called?
Bowman's capsule (tubular).
What is the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus + bowman's capsule
What is it called when you are going towards the glomerulus?
Afferent.
What is it called when you are going away from the glomerulus?
Efferent.
What is it called when you are close to the glomerulus?
Proximal.
What is it called when you are far from the glomerulus?
Distal.
What is the pathway of the tubular elements of the nephron? (7)
1. Bowman's capsule
2. Proximal tubule
3. Descending limb of loop of Henle (right)
4. Ascending limb of loop of Henle (left)
5. Distal tubule (closely associated with the bowman's capsule + glomerulus)
