BIOL385 - TEST 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system.
transportation - oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes/metabolites, hormones, immune cells,
nutrients, heat, water, gases (NO)
pulmonary circuit
from right ventricle to lungs to left ventricle
systemic circuit
from left ventricle to body through aorta (ascending, abdominal, and descending aortas)
The pressure of a fluid in motion ______ with distance.
decreases
pressure
force exerted by fluid on its container
Blood flows because liquids move from ____ to ____ pressure regions.
high to low
Where is the blood pressure highest? Lowest?
highest at heart, lowest at vena cavae
________ of heart creates pressure.
contraction
vasodilation impact on blood pressure
decreases bp
,vasoconstriction impact on blood pressure
increases bp
How are flow and pressure related?
as pressure increases, flow increases, directly proportional
Fluid flow through a tube depends on the pressure _____.
gradient
diastole
cardiac muscle relaxes
systole
cardiac muscle contracts
normal stroke volume
70 mL
stroke volume equation
EDV-ESV
blood in ventricles after filling, blood after contraction
first heart sound
made by blood hitting the closed AV valves
second heart sound
made by blood hitting the closed semilunar valves
2 parts to ventricular systole
isovolumic ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection fraction
isovolumic ventricular contraction
, enough pressure is created to close the AV valves but not open the semilunar valves
(has to higher than the aortic pressure)
ventricular ejection
pressure in ventricles exceeds the aortic pressure and semilunar valves open
isovolumic ventricular relaxation
ventricles relax, pressure falls and semilunar valves close
late diastole
both sets of valves are relaxed and ventricles are filled passively
atrial systole
atrial contraction, pressure opens AV valves and ventricles are filled
normal blood pressure
120/80 (systolic/diastolic)
dicrotic notch
blood backflow from aorta hits closed semilunar valve
cardiac output equation
CO = HR x SV
average CO
5 L/min, all blood through heart in one minute
parasympathetic control of heart rate
lowers heart rate by increasing permeability to potassium, potassium flows out and
lowers RMP making it harder to induce another action potential
- lowers calcium permeability to slow the rate of pacemaker depolarization (remember
CICR)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system.
transportation - oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes/metabolites, hormones, immune cells,
nutrients, heat, water, gases (NO)
pulmonary circuit
from right ventricle to lungs to left ventricle
systemic circuit
from left ventricle to body through aorta (ascending, abdominal, and descending aortas)
The pressure of a fluid in motion ______ with distance.
decreases
pressure
force exerted by fluid on its container
Blood flows because liquids move from ____ to ____ pressure regions.
high to low
Where is the blood pressure highest? Lowest?
highest at heart, lowest at vena cavae
________ of heart creates pressure.
contraction
vasodilation impact on blood pressure
decreases bp
,vasoconstriction impact on blood pressure
increases bp
How are flow and pressure related?
as pressure increases, flow increases, directly proportional
Fluid flow through a tube depends on the pressure _____.
gradient
diastole
cardiac muscle relaxes
systole
cardiac muscle contracts
normal stroke volume
70 mL
stroke volume equation
EDV-ESV
blood in ventricles after filling, blood after contraction
first heart sound
made by blood hitting the closed AV valves
second heart sound
made by blood hitting the closed semilunar valves
2 parts to ventricular systole
isovolumic ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection fraction
isovolumic ventricular contraction
, enough pressure is created to close the AV valves but not open the semilunar valves
(has to higher than the aortic pressure)
ventricular ejection
pressure in ventricles exceeds the aortic pressure and semilunar valves open
isovolumic ventricular relaxation
ventricles relax, pressure falls and semilunar valves close
late diastole
both sets of valves are relaxed and ventricles are filled passively
atrial systole
atrial contraction, pressure opens AV valves and ventricles are filled
normal blood pressure
120/80 (systolic/diastolic)
dicrotic notch
blood backflow from aorta hits closed semilunar valve
cardiac output equation
CO = HR x SV
average CO
5 L/min, all blood through heart in one minute
parasympathetic control of heart rate
lowers heart rate by increasing permeability to potassium, potassium flows out and
lowers RMP making it harder to induce another action potential
- lowers calcium permeability to slow the rate of pacemaker depolarization (remember
CICR)
