NURSES!
TEST Y OUR SE LF IN
Anatomy & Physiology
Katherine M. A. Rogers&
William N. Scott
,Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology Q &
A GUARANTEED PASS A+
Katherine M. A. Rogers and
William N. Scott
,
,Contents
Acknowledgements ix
About the authors xi
Using this book xiii
List of abbreviations xv
Directional terms xvii
Common prefixes, suffixes and roots xix
1 The human cell 1
2 Essential biology and biochemistry 14
3 The integumentary system 29
4 The musculoskeletal system 44
5 The nervous system and special senses 56
vii
, Contents
6 The endocrine system 78
7 The cardiovascular system 99
8 The respiratory system 120
9 The digestive system 136
10 The urinary system 150
11 The immune and lymphatic systems 167
12 The male and female reproductive systems 185
13 Genetics and inheritance 202
Glossary 217
viii
, 1 The human cell
INTRODUCTION
All living things are composed of cells, which are the smallest units of life and are so small
they can only be viewed through a microscope. Cells are made from pre-existing cells
through cell replication and division. The human body is composed of billions of cells
which are specially adapted for their various func- tions, for example, neural, blood and
skin cells.
Despite their functional differences, cells generally possess similar structures and
perform similar biochemical processes. Groups of similar cells are arranged into tissues to
perform a particular function. Different tissues are organized into organ structures and
several organs may be linked together to perform major biological functions in an
organ system. Cooperation between the organ systems is essential for maintaining a
normal healthy body.
It is important for a nurse to know that the cells are the building blocks of tissues
and organs and how essential molecules are transported in and out of cells, because
when the growth or transport mechanisms are disrupted and homeostasis is lost,
disease or illness can develop.
Useful resources
Nurses! Test Yourself in Pathophysiology
Chapters 1 and 2
Mader’s Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapters 1, 3 and 4
WebAnatomy – Cells, histology:
http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/default.htm
1
,QUESTIONS The human cell
LABELLING EXERCISE
1–13 Identify the features of the human cell in Figure 1.1, using the termsprovided in
the box below.
nucleolusribosomes cytoplasm
nuclear membrane smooth ER Golgi
rough ER apparatus
mitochondrion lysosome
vacuole nucleus
cell membrane centriole
Figure 1.1 The human cell
2
, TRUE OR FALSE?
Are the following statements true or false?
14 Cell membranes are fully permeable.
15 Organelles are membrane-bound structures found in the cytoplasm.
16 The cytoskeleton is a lattice structure made of calcium that gives shapeto cells.
17 There are three classes of membrane in the human body.
18 There are three major types of tissue in the human body.
19 A gland is a single cell or group of cells adapted for secretion.
20 There are 10 major body systems.
21 The heart, arteries, veins and capillaries form the cardiovascular system.
3
, MULTIPLE CHOICE
Identify one correct answer for each of the following.
22 Cellular respiration is defined as:
a) an intracellular, energy-producing process
b) an extracellular, energy-producing process
c) an intracellular, energy-requiring process
d) an extracellular, energy-requiring process
23 The main components of the skeletal system are:
a) blood, bones, cartilage and tendons
b) bones, cartilage, joints and tendons
c) bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments
d) cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons
24 Muscle action can be classified as:
a) sympathetic and parasympathetic
b) voluntary and involuntary
c) autonomic and sympathetic
d) autonomic and voluntary
25 Which of the following structures is the primary organ of theintegumentary
system?
a) sensory receptors
b) sweat glands
c) bones
d) skin
4
, 26 Which part of the nervous system links the central nervous system(CNS) with other
systems and sense organs?
a) brain
b) spinal cord
c) peripheral nervous system (PNS)
d) nerve cells
27 Which system acts as the body’s chemical control centre?
a) endocrine
b) nervous
c) digestive
d) integumentary
28 Providing immunity is a vital function of which body system?
a) cardiovascular
b) musculoskeletal
c) reproductive
d) lymphatic
5
TEST Y OUR SE LF IN
Anatomy & Physiology
Katherine M. A. Rogers&
William N. Scott
,Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology Q &
A GUARANTEED PASS A+
Katherine M. A. Rogers and
William N. Scott
,
,Contents
Acknowledgements ix
About the authors xi
Using this book xiii
List of abbreviations xv
Directional terms xvii
Common prefixes, suffixes and roots xix
1 The human cell 1
2 Essential biology and biochemistry 14
3 The integumentary system 29
4 The musculoskeletal system 44
5 The nervous system and special senses 56
vii
, Contents
6 The endocrine system 78
7 The cardiovascular system 99
8 The respiratory system 120
9 The digestive system 136
10 The urinary system 150
11 The immune and lymphatic systems 167
12 The male and female reproductive systems 185
13 Genetics and inheritance 202
Glossary 217
viii
, 1 The human cell
INTRODUCTION
All living things are composed of cells, which are the smallest units of life and are so small
they can only be viewed through a microscope. Cells are made from pre-existing cells
through cell replication and division. The human body is composed of billions of cells
which are specially adapted for their various func- tions, for example, neural, blood and
skin cells.
Despite their functional differences, cells generally possess similar structures and
perform similar biochemical processes. Groups of similar cells are arranged into tissues to
perform a particular function. Different tissues are organized into organ structures and
several organs may be linked together to perform major biological functions in an
organ system. Cooperation between the organ systems is essential for maintaining a
normal healthy body.
It is important for a nurse to know that the cells are the building blocks of tissues
and organs and how essential molecules are transported in and out of cells, because
when the growth or transport mechanisms are disrupted and homeostasis is lost,
disease or illness can develop.
Useful resources
Nurses! Test Yourself in Pathophysiology
Chapters 1 and 2
Mader’s Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapters 1, 3 and 4
WebAnatomy – Cells, histology:
http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/default.htm
1
,QUESTIONS The human cell
LABELLING EXERCISE
1–13 Identify the features of the human cell in Figure 1.1, using the termsprovided in
the box below.
nucleolusribosomes cytoplasm
nuclear membrane smooth ER Golgi
rough ER apparatus
mitochondrion lysosome
vacuole nucleus
cell membrane centriole
Figure 1.1 The human cell
2
, TRUE OR FALSE?
Are the following statements true or false?
14 Cell membranes are fully permeable.
15 Organelles are membrane-bound structures found in the cytoplasm.
16 The cytoskeleton is a lattice structure made of calcium that gives shapeto cells.
17 There are three classes of membrane in the human body.
18 There are three major types of tissue in the human body.
19 A gland is a single cell or group of cells adapted for secretion.
20 There are 10 major body systems.
21 The heart, arteries, veins and capillaries form the cardiovascular system.
3
, MULTIPLE CHOICE
Identify one correct answer for each of the following.
22 Cellular respiration is defined as:
a) an intracellular, energy-producing process
b) an extracellular, energy-producing process
c) an intracellular, energy-requiring process
d) an extracellular, energy-requiring process
23 The main components of the skeletal system are:
a) blood, bones, cartilage and tendons
b) bones, cartilage, joints and tendons
c) bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments
d) cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons
24 Muscle action can be classified as:
a) sympathetic and parasympathetic
b) voluntary and involuntary
c) autonomic and sympathetic
d) autonomic and voluntary
25 Which of the following structures is the primary organ of theintegumentary
system?
a) sensory receptors
b) sweat glands
c) bones
d) skin
4
, 26 Which part of the nervous system links the central nervous system(CNS) with other
systems and sense organs?
a) brain
b) spinal cord
c) peripheral nervous system (PNS)
d) nerve cells
27 Which system acts as the body’s chemical control centre?
a) endocrine
b) nervous
c) digestive
d) integumentary
28 Providing immunity is a vital function of which body system?
a) cardiovascular
b) musculoskeletal
c) reproductive
d) lymphatic
5
