Cosmetology Clinical Exam | Questions and Answers | 100% Pass Guarantee

Cosmetology Clinical Exam | Questions and Answers | 100% Pass Guarantee Associate with T-cell antigen receptor role in TCR signal transduction CD4 - ansT helper, monocytes, macrophages, T reg CD8 - ansThymocyte subsets, cytotoxic T cells CD16 - ansmacrophages, NK cells, neutrophils low-affinity Fc receptor for antibody mediates phagocytosis and ADCC CD19 - ansB cells, follicular dendritic cells part of B cell coreceptor with CD21 signal transduction molecule that regulates B cell development and activation CD21 - ansB cells, follicular dendritic cells, subset of immature thymocytes Receptor for complement component C3d part of B cell coreceptor with CD19 CD56 - ansNK cells, subsets of T cells Spleen - ansLargest secondary lymphoid Red pulp - ansmore than 1/2 total volume destroys old RBCs White pulp - ans20% lymphoid tissue arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) intrahepatic bile ducts Rheumatic fever - ansstreptococcal antibodies that cross-react with cardiac tissue Scleroderma - ansantinuclear antibodies anti-SCL70 anticentromere antibody connective tissue Sjogren's syndrome - ansantinuclear antibodies rheumatoid factor antisalivary duct antibodies antilacrimal gland antibodies eyes, mouth Type 1 diabetes mellitus - ansanti-insulin islet cell antibodies anti-IA-2 and anti-IA2BA Antibody to glutamic acid phosphatase (GAD) complete or nearly complete deficiency in insulin thyrotoxicosis - ansexcess of thyroid hormones thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAbs) - ansMajor antibodies involved in the pathogenesis of Graves disease bind to TSH receptor and mimic action of TSH resulting in uncontrolled receptor stimulation with excessive release of thyroid hormones islets of Landerhans - ansmasses of cells within the pancreas that secrete hormones, mostly insulin (alpha & beta cells),glucagon & somatostatin (delta cells) directly into interstitial fluid & blood tissue transglutaminase (tTG) - ansintestinal enzyme that converts the glutamine residues in gliadin to glutamic acid graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) - anscomplication of bone-marrow transplantation in which lymphoid cells from donated tissue attack the recipient and cause damage to skin, liver, GI tract, and other tissues Allelic polymorphism - anspresence of two or more different genetic compositions among individuals in a population Ex. genes encoding HLA proteins Minor histocompatibility antigens - anscell surface-processed peptides not encoded by the MHC that can contribute to graft rejection (Slower) variation in the amino acid sequence between individuals (X-linked and autosomal) Hyperactive rejection - ansminutes to hours after vascular supply to the transplanted organ is established caused by ABO incompatibility- triggers complement autograft - anstransplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual syngeneic graft - ansisograft; identical twins allograft - anstransplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft same species released from lysosomal granules cleave segments of bacterial cell walls without the benefit of oxygen kill a wide spectrum of organisms Cathepsin G - ansprotein able to damage bacterial cell membrane Chronic granulomatous disease - ansX-linked mutation affecting NADPH oxidase causing dtysfunctioning neutrophils and oxidative burst Premature emphysema - ansCaused by a deficiency in alpha1-antitrypsin T cells - ansmature in thymus regulatory role by providing help to B cells in responding to antigens as well as by killing virally infected target cells B cells - ansmature in bone marrow differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies Percentage of circulating lymphocytes in peripheral blood that are T cells - ans60-80% Chemokines - anslarge family of cytokines that act as chemical messengers and recruit specific cells to a particular site enhance motility promotes migration of WBCs to chemokine source How long does T cell maturation take? - ans3 weeks IL7 in T cell development - ansinteracts with stromal cells in thymus is critical for growth and differentiation How many cortical cells die intrathymically before becoming mature T cells? - ans97% Variable regions of alpha and beta chains - ansrecognize specific antigens through random gene rearrangement Rearrangement of B chain for T cell occurs on what chromosome - ansChromosome 7 (occurs prior to alpha) Rearrangement of a chain for T cell occurs on what chromosome - ansChromosome 14 allelic exclusion - ansthe selection of an allele on one chromosome only gamma delta T cells - anspresent in the skin, intestinal epithelium, and pulmonary epithelium wound healing and protection of the epithelium can recognize antigens without being presented by major histocompatibility complex Double positive thymocytes - ansImmature T cells in the thymus that are characterized by expression of both the CD4 and the CD8 co-receptor proteins. They represent the majority (about 80%) of thymocytes. double negative thymocytes - ansImmature T cells in the thymus that lack expression of the two co-receptors CD4 and CD8. In a normal thymus, these represent about 5% of thymocytes. positive selection - anstakes places in cortex only DP cells with function TCR receptors survive must recognize foreign antigen in association with class I or class II MHC molecules MHC restriction - ansthe selection of thymocytes that will only interact with the MHC antigens found on host cells xenograft - anstransplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft Direct allorecognition - ansrecipient T cells bind and respond directly to foreign (allo) HLA proteins on graft cells. mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) - ansin vitro reaction of alloreactive T cells from one individual against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on blood cells from another individual involves proliferation of and cytokine secretion by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells used as a screening test to assess compatibility of potential graft recipient with potential donor Immunology - ansStudy of a host's reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body Antigens - ansForeign substances that induce a host response Immunity - ansThe condition of being resistant to infection Edward Jenner - ansSuccessfully prevented infection with smallpox by injecting a more harmless substance- cowpox from a disease affecting cows Louis Pasteur - ansFather of immunology- observed by chance that older bacterial cultures would not cause diseases in chickens (first attenuated vaccine) Used attenuation to prevent rabies in affected individuals Attenuation - ansChange- make a pathogen less virulent (heat, aging, or chemical means) Phagocytes - ansCells that eat- part of natural or innate host defense humoral immunity - ansspecific immunity produced by B cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids Antibodies - ansSerum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance and they react specifically with that foreign substance Innate (natural) immunity - ansThe individual's ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions Adaptive immunity - ansType of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure Leukocytes - ansWhite blood cells in the peripheral blood that play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity 5 principal types of leukocytes in peripheral blood - ansNeutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes Innate immune cells in periphery - ansNeutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes Adaptive immune cells in periphery - ansLymphocytes Tissue cell lines - ansMast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells All blood cells arise from a type of cell - ansHematopoietic stem cell (HSC) HSC gives rise to two distinct types of precursor cells: - ansCommon myeloid precursors (CMP) and Common lymphoid precursors (CLP) The common myeloid precursor gives rise to: - ansPhagocytic cells: Monocytes/Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Erythrocytes, Platelets The common lymphoid precursor gives rise to: - ansT/NK progenitors (T and NK cells) and B cell progenitors (B cell and dendritic cells) Neutrophils - ansPolymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte 50-75% of total peripheral WBCs in adults Azurophilic or primary granules - ansContains antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins secondary granules - ansLysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components Diapedesis - ansPassage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue Chemotaxins - anschemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction Eosinophils - ans1-3% of the circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person Eosinophil granules - ansCatalase, lysozyme, cytokines (chemical messengers), growth factors, and cationic proteins Role of eosinophils - ansAttack parasites and toxic proteins and allergic responses. Regulation of mast cell function