CrossFit Level 1 Exam | Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guarantee
What is the future possibility of treating damaged nerves with stem cells? -
ansembryonic stem cells can mature into nerve cells to rejoin a damaged spinal cord
What are the four ethical principles scientists must follow? - ansrespect for autonomy,
beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
What is respect for autonomy (ethical principle)? - ansrespect individuals, don't perform
procedures without consent
What is beneficence (ethical principal)? - ansaim of doing good, i.e. medicine to relieve
suffering
What is non-maleficence (ethical principle)? - ansaim to do no harm
What is justice (ethical principle)? - anstreat individuals equally, share resources fairly
, Why is the argument for using a small number of embryos for ES cells acceptable to
many? - ansmost human embryos never make it past early stages of development
What are ethical objections to using ES cells? - anscould become human so deserves
human rights, could be considered killing
What is genetic engineering / genetic modification? - anschanging the genetic material
of an organism
How is genetic modification usually achieved? - ansinserting genes from one organism
into genetic material of another
What enzyme is used in genetic engineering to replicate copies of a desired gene? -
ansreverse transcriptase
What are the ways in which an antibody can cause the death of a pathogen? -
ansagglutination, opsonisation, neutralisation
What cells are produced by clonal selection? - ansB effector -> plasma cell clones, and
B memory
, What is clonal selection in the immune response? - anscloning of cells that carry the
right antibodies
When a B cell becomes an APC, what binds to it? - ansT helper cell
What do B cells do after engulfing and destroying bacterium? - ansbecomes APC
What does a B cell bind to in the effector stage? - anspathogen
When a T cell binds with an APC, what happens? - ansAPC cloned
What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? - ansmacrophage with antigen/MHC
complexes displayed
What do T cells bind with in the humoral response? - ansantigen-presenting cells
How many antibodies can a plasma cell produce per second? - ans2000
When is the humoral response ineffective? - answhen pathogens are inside host cells
, Why do diseases cause symptoms despite the primary immune repsonse? - ansresponse
has a delay
How is a gene cut out of a section of DNA in genetic engineering? - ansrestriction
enzymes
What is made when a restriction enzyme leaves a few base pairs extra on one strand than
the other? - anssticky end
What is the advantage of creating sticky ends in DNA engineering? - anseasier to attach
new pieces of DNA
What is used as a vector to carry DNA into a host bacterial cell? - ansplasmid
How are genes attached to plasmids to integrate the new genetic material? - ansDNA
ligase
What is produced when DNA ligase joins a gene with a cut plasmid? - ansrecombinant
DNA
Guarantee
What is the future possibility of treating damaged nerves with stem cells? -
ansembryonic stem cells can mature into nerve cells to rejoin a damaged spinal cord
What are the four ethical principles scientists must follow? - ansrespect for autonomy,
beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
What is respect for autonomy (ethical principle)? - ansrespect individuals, don't perform
procedures without consent
What is beneficence (ethical principal)? - ansaim of doing good, i.e. medicine to relieve
suffering
What is non-maleficence (ethical principle)? - ansaim to do no harm
What is justice (ethical principle)? - anstreat individuals equally, share resources fairly
, Why is the argument for using a small number of embryos for ES cells acceptable to
many? - ansmost human embryos never make it past early stages of development
What are ethical objections to using ES cells? - anscould become human so deserves
human rights, could be considered killing
What is genetic engineering / genetic modification? - anschanging the genetic material
of an organism
How is genetic modification usually achieved? - ansinserting genes from one organism
into genetic material of another
What enzyme is used in genetic engineering to replicate copies of a desired gene? -
ansreverse transcriptase
What are the ways in which an antibody can cause the death of a pathogen? -
ansagglutination, opsonisation, neutralisation
What cells are produced by clonal selection? - ansB effector -> plasma cell clones, and
B memory
, What is clonal selection in the immune response? - anscloning of cells that carry the
right antibodies
When a B cell becomes an APC, what binds to it? - ansT helper cell
What do B cells do after engulfing and destroying bacterium? - ansbecomes APC
What does a B cell bind to in the effector stage? - anspathogen
When a T cell binds with an APC, what happens? - ansAPC cloned
What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? - ansmacrophage with antigen/MHC
complexes displayed
What do T cells bind with in the humoral response? - ansantigen-presenting cells
How many antibodies can a plasma cell produce per second? - ans2000
When is the humoral response ineffective? - answhen pathogens are inside host cells
, Why do diseases cause symptoms despite the primary immune repsonse? - ansresponse
has a delay
How is a gene cut out of a section of DNA in genetic engineering? - ansrestriction
enzymes
What is made when a restriction enzyme leaves a few base pairs extra on one strand than
the other? - anssticky end
What is the advantage of creating sticky ends in DNA engineering? - anseasier to attach
new pieces of DNA
What is used as a vector to carry DNA into a host bacterial cell? - ansplasmid
How are genes attached to plasmids to integrate the new genetic material? - ansDNA
ligase
What is produced when DNA ligase joins a gene with a cut plasmid? - ansrecombinant
DNA
