NUR315
Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Finals Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with
ketoacidosis. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism
leading to the development of ketoacidosis?
- A) Increased insulin sensitivity
- B) Decreased glucagon secretion
- C) Cellular glucose uptake
- D) Increased hepatic ketone production
- Correct ANS: D) Increased hepatic ketone production
- Rationale: In insulin deficiency, lipolysis increases, leading
to free fatty acid conversion into ketones by the liver.
©2024/2025
,2. Which of the following is the most common initial symptom
of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
- A) Bilateral limb weakness
- B) Visual disturbances
- C) Dizziness
- D) Tinnitus
- Correct ANS: B) Visual disturbances
- Rationale: Optic neuritis is often the first manifestation due
to demyelination affecting the optic nerve.
3. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), at what stage does the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) typically fall below 30
ml/min/1.73 m²?
- A) Stage 1
- B) Stage 2
- C) Stage 3
- D) Stage 4
- Correct ANS: D) Stage 4
- Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined by a GFR of 15-29
ml/min/1.73 m².
©2024/2025
, 4. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are at risk for developing what type of heart failure due to
increased pulmonary vascular resistance?
- A) Left-sided heart failure
- B) Right-sided heart failure
- C) Diastolic heart failure
- D) Congestive heart failure
- Correct ANS: B) Right-sided heart failure
- Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension from COPD increases
right ventricular afterload, leading to right-sided heart failure.
5. Which hormone imbalance is primarily responsible for
causing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?
- A) Increased cortisol
- B) Decreased testosterone
- C) Increased thyroxine
- D) Decreased estrogen
- Correct ANS: D) Decreased estrogen
- Rationale: Estrogen has a protective effect on bone, and its
deficiency accelerates bone resorption.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
©2024/2025
Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Finals Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with
ketoacidosis. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism
leading to the development of ketoacidosis?
- A) Increased insulin sensitivity
- B) Decreased glucagon secretion
- C) Cellular glucose uptake
- D) Increased hepatic ketone production
- Correct ANS: D) Increased hepatic ketone production
- Rationale: In insulin deficiency, lipolysis increases, leading
to free fatty acid conversion into ketones by the liver.
©2024/2025
,2. Which of the following is the most common initial symptom
of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
- A) Bilateral limb weakness
- B) Visual disturbances
- C) Dizziness
- D) Tinnitus
- Correct ANS: B) Visual disturbances
- Rationale: Optic neuritis is often the first manifestation due
to demyelination affecting the optic nerve.
3. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), at what stage does the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) typically fall below 30
ml/min/1.73 m²?
- A) Stage 1
- B) Stage 2
- C) Stage 3
- D) Stage 4
- Correct ANS: D) Stage 4
- Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined by a GFR of 15-29
ml/min/1.73 m².
©2024/2025
, 4. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are at risk for developing what type of heart failure due to
increased pulmonary vascular resistance?
- A) Left-sided heart failure
- B) Right-sided heart failure
- C) Diastolic heart failure
- D) Congestive heart failure
- Correct ANS: B) Right-sided heart failure
- Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension from COPD increases
right ventricular afterload, leading to right-sided heart failure.
5. Which hormone imbalance is primarily responsible for
causing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?
- A) Increased cortisol
- B) Decreased testosterone
- C) Increased thyroxine
- D) Decreased estrogen
- Correct ANS: D) Decreased estrogen
- Rationale: Estrogen has a protective effect on bone, and its
deficiency accelerates bone resorption.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
©2024/2025
