,The jquestions jare jin jbold jfollowed jby janswers.
1. In jTable j1, jidentify jthe jlevel jof jmeasurement jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable.
jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jwas jmeasured jat jthe jnominal jlevel. jThese jdrug
jcategories jwere jprobably jdeveloped jto jbe jexhaustive jfor jthis jstudy jand jincluded jthe
jcategories jof jdrugs jthe jsubjects jwere jreceiving. jHowever, jthe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive,
jsince jpatients jare jusually jon jmore jthan jone jcategory jof jthese jdrugs jto jmanage jtheir jhealth
jproblems. jThe jcurrent jtherapies jare jnot jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel jbecause jthey jcannot jbe
jrank jordered, jsince jno jdrug jcategory jcan jbe jconsidered jmore jor jless jbeneficial jthan janother
jdrug jcategory j(see jFigure j1-1; jGrove j& jGray, j2019).
2. What jis jthe jmode jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale
jfor j your janswer.
Answer: jThe j mode jfor jcurrent j therapy j was jβ jblocker. j A jtotal j of j100 j (94%) jof jthe jcardiac jpatients
were j receiving j this j category j of j drug, j which j was j the j most j common j prescribed j drug j for
j this jsample.
3. What jstatistics jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jthe jBMI jof jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis
jsample? jDiscuss jwhether jthese janalysis jtechniques jwere jappropriate jor
jinappropriate.
Answer: jBMI jwas jdescribed jwith ja jmean jand jstandard jdeviation j(SD). jBMI jmeasurement
jresulted jin jratio-level jdata jwith jcontinuous jvalues jand jan jabsolute jzero j(Stone j& jFrazier,
j2017). jRatio- jlevel jdata jshould jbe janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics jsuch jas jthe jmean jand
jSD j(Grove j& jGray, j2017; jKnapp, j2017).
4. Researchers jused jthe jfollowing jitem jto jmeasure jregistered jnurses’ j(RNs) jincome jin ja
jstudy: j What jcategory jidentifies jyour jcurrent jincome jas jan jRN?
a. Less jthan j$50,000
b. $50,000 jto j59,999
c. $60,000 jto j69,999
d. $70,000 jto j80,000
e. $80,000 jor jgreater
What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthis jincome jvariable? jDoes jthe jincome jvariable jfollow
jthe jrules joutlined jin jFigure j1-1? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jIn jthis jexample, jthe jincome jvariable jis jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel. jThe jincome
jcatego- jries j are j exhaustive, j ranging j from j less j than j $50,000 j to j greater j than j $80,000. j The
j two j open-ended
AG j1-1
,AG j1-2 Answer jGuidelines jfor jQuestions jto jBe jGraded
categories jensure jthat jall jsalary jlevels jare jcovered. jThe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince
jcatego- jries j(d) jand j(e) jinclude jan j$80,000 jsalary, jso jstudy jparticipants jmaking j$80,000
jmight jmark jeither j(d) jor j(e) jor jboth jcategories, jresulting jin jerroneous jdata. jCategory j(e)
jcould jbe jchanged j to jgreater jthan j$80,000, jmaking jthe jcategories jexclusive. jThe jcategories
jcan jbe jrank jordered jfrom jthe jlowest jsalary jto jthe jhighest jsalary, jwhich jis jconsistent jwith
jordinal jdata j(Grove j& jGray, j2019; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthe jCDS jscore? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jCDS jscore jis jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement. jThe jCDS jis ja j26-item
jLikert jscale jdeveloped jto jmeasure jdepression jin jcardiac jpatients. jStudy jparticipants jrated
jtheir jsymp- jtoms jon ja jscale jof j1 jto j7, jwith jhigher jnumbers jindicating jincreased jseverity
jin jthe jdepression jsymptoms. jThe jtotal jscores jfor jeach jsubject jobtained jfrom jthis jmulti-
item jscale jare jconsidered jto jbe jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement j(Gray jet jal., j2017;
jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. j Were jnonparametric jor jparametric janalysis jtechniques jused jto janalyze jthe jCDS
jscores jfor jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jParametric jstatistics, jsuch jas jmean jand jSD, jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jCDS
jscores j for jstudy jparticipants j(see jTable j1). jCDS jscores jare jinterval-level jdata jas jindicated jin
jQuestions j5, jso jparametric jstatistics jare jappropriate jfor jthis jlevel jof jdata j(Gray jet jal.,
j2017; jKim j& jMallory, j2017).
7. j Is jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jlinked jto jthe jNYHA jclass? jDiscuss jthe jclinical
jimportance jof jthis jresult.
Answer: jThe jstudy jnarrative jindicated jthat jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jincreased jwith jthe
jgreater jNYHA jclass. jIn jNYHA jclass jIII, j64% jof jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed, jwhereas j11% jof
jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed jin jNYHA jclass jI. jThus, jas jthe jNYHA jclass jincreased, jthe jnumber
jof jsub- jjects jwith jdepression jincreased. jThis jis jan jexpected jfinding jbecause jas jthe jNYHA
jclass jincreases, jcardiac jpatients jhave jmore jsevere jphysical jsymptoms, jwhich jusually jresult jin
jemotional jdistress, jsuch jas jdepression. jNurses jneed jto jactively jassess jcardiac jpatients jfor
jdepression, jespecially jthose j in jhigher jNYHA jclasses, jso jthey jmight jbe jdiagnosed jand
jtreated jas jneeded.
8. j What jfrequency jand jpercent jof jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy jwere jnot jbeing jtreated
jwith jan jantidepressant? jShow jyour jcalculations jand jround jyour janswer jto jthe
jnearest jwhole jpercent j(%).
Answer: j A j total j of j 106 j cardiac j patients j participated j in j this j study. j The j sample
j included j 15 j patients j who j were j receiving j an j antidepressant j (see j Table j 1). j The
j number j of j cardiac jpatients j not j treated j for j depression j was j 91 j (106 j – j 15 j = j91).
j The j group j percent j is j calculated jby j the j following j formula: j (group j frequency j ÷ jtotal
j sample j size) j × j100%. j For j this j study, j(91 j patients j ÷ j106 j sample j size) j × j100%
j = j0.858 j × j100% j = j85.8% j = j86%. j The j final janswer j is j rounded j to j the j nearest
j whole j percent j as j directed j in j the j question. j You j could j have jalso jsubtracted jthe j14%
jof jpatients jtreated jwith jantidepressants jfrom j100% jand jobtained jthe j86% jwho jwere jnot
jtreated jwith jan jantidepressant.
t. j What jwas jthe jpurpose jof jthe j5-minute jwalk jtest j(5MWT)? jWould jthe j5MWT jbe
juseful jin jclinical jpractice?
Answer: jHa jet jal. j(2018) jstated, j―The j6-min jwalk jtest j(6MWT) jis ja jmeasure jof jthe
jsubmaximal, jsteady-state jfunctional jcapacity‖ jof jcardiac jpatients. jThis jtest jwould jbe ja
jquick, jeasy jway jto jdetermine j a j cardiac j patient’s j functional j status j in j a j clinical
j setting. j This j functional j status jscore j could j be j used j to j determine j the j treatment j plan
j to j promote j or j maintain j functional j status jof jcardiac jpatients.
, Answer jGuidelines jfor jQuestions jto jBe jGraded AG j1-3
10. j How jwas jexercise jconfidence jmeasured jin jthis jstudy? jWhat jwas jthe jlevel jof
jmeasurement jfor jthe jexercise jconfidence jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale
jfor jyour janswer. jAnswer: jExercise jconfidence jof jthe jpatients jwith jheart jfailure j(HF) jin
jthis jstudy jwas jmeasured jwith jthe jExercise jConfidence jScale jthat jincluded jfour jsubscales
jfocused jon jwalking, jclimbing, jlifting jobjects jof jgraded jweight, jand jrunning j(see jthe jstudy
jnarrative). jThis jwas ja jrating jscale jwith jvalues jranging jfrom j0 jto j100. jThe jpatients’ jscores
jfor jthe jTotal jExercise jConfidence jscale jand jthe jsubscales jwere jconsidered jinterval-level
jdata jand janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics, jsuch jas jmeans jand jSDs j(see jthe jstudy
jnarrative; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
1. In jTable j1, jidentify jthe jlevel jof jmeasurement jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable.
jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jwas jmeasured jat jthe jnominal jlevel. jThese jdrug
jcategories jwere jprobably jdeveloped jto jbe jexhaustive jfor jthis jstudy jand jincluded jthe
jcategories jof jdrugs jthe jsubjects jwere jreceiving. jHowever, jthe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive,
jsince jpatients jare jusually jon jmore jthan jone jcategory jof jthese jdrugs jto jmanage jtheir jhealth
jproblems. jThe jcurrent jtherapies jare jnot jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel jbecause jthey jcannot jbe
jrank jordered, jsince jno jdrug jcategory jcan jbe jconsidered jmore jor jless jbeneficial jthan janother
jdrug jcategory j(see jFigure j1-1; jGrove j& jGray, j2019).
2. What jis jthe jmode jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale
jfor j your janswer.
Answer: jThe j mode jfor jcurrent j therapy j was jβ jblocker. j A jtotal j of j100 j (94%) jof jthe jcardiac jpatients
were j receiving j this j category j of j drug, j which j was j the j most j common j prescribed j drug j for
j this jsample.
3. What jstatistics jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jthe jBMI jof jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis
jsample? jDiscuss jwhether jthese janalysis jtechniques jwere jappropriate jor
jinappropriate.
Answer: jBMI jwas jdescribed jwith ja jmean jand jstandard jdeviation j(SD). jBMI jmeasurement
jresulted jin jratio-level jdata jwith jcontinuous jvalues jand jan jabsolute jzero j(Stone j& jFrazier,
j2017). jRatio- jlevel jdata jshould jbe janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics jsuch jas jthe jmean jand
jSD j(Grove j& jGray, j2017; jKnapp, j2017).
4. Researchers jused jthe jfollowing jitem jto jmeasure jregistered jnurses’ j(RNs) jincome jin ja
jstudy: j What jcategory jidentifies jyour jcurrent jincome jas jan jRN?
a. Less jthan j$50,000
b. $50,000 jto j59,999
c. $60,000 jto j69,999
d. $70,000 jto j80,000
e. $80,000 jor jgreater
What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthis jincome jvariable? jDoes jthe jincome jvariable jfollow
jthe jrules joutlined jin jFigure j1-1? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jIn jthis jexample, jthe jincome jvariable jis jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel. jThe jincome
jcatego- jries j are j exhaustive, j ranging j from j less j than j $50,000 j to j greater j than j $80,000. j The
j two j open-ended
AG j1-1
,AG j1-2 Answer jGuidelines jfor jQuestions jto jBe jGraded
categories jensure jthat jall jsalary jlevels jare jcovered. jThe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince
jcatego- jries j(d) jand j(e) jinclude jan j$80,000 jsalary, jso jstudy jparticipants jmaking j$80,000
jmight jmark jeither j(d) jor j(e) jor jboth jcategories, jresulting jin jerroneous jdata. jCategory j(e)
jcould jbe jchanged j to jgreater jthan j$80,000, jmaking jthe jcategories jexclusive. jThe jcategories
jcan jbe jrank jordered jfrom jthe jlowest jsalary jto jthe jhighest jsalary, jwhich jis jconsistent jwith
jordinal jdata j(Grove j& jGray, j2019; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthe jCDS jscore? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jCDS jscore jis jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement. jThe jCDS jis ja j26-item
jLikert jscale jdeveloped jto jmeasure jdepression jin jcardiac jpatients. jStudy jparticipants jrated
jtheir jsymp- jtoms jon ja jscale jof j1 jto j7, jwith jhigher jnumbers jindicating jincreased jseverity
jin jthe jdepression jsymptoms. jThe jtotal jscores jfor jeach jsubject jobtained jfrom jthis jmulti-
item jscale jare jconsidered jto jbe jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement j(Gray jet jal., j2017;
jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. j Were jnonparametric jor jparametric janalysis jtechniques jused jto janalyze jthe jCDS
jscores jfor jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jParametric jstatistics, jsuch jas jmean jand jSD, jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jCDS
jscores j for jstudy jparticipants j(see jTable j1). jCDS jscores jare jinterval-level jdata jas jindicated jin
jQuestions j5, jso jparametric jstatistics jare jappropriate jfor jthis jlevel jof jdata j(Gray jet jal.,
j2017; jKim j& jMallory, j2017).
7. j Is jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jlinked jto jthe jNYHA jclass? jDiscuss jthe jclinical
jimportance jof jthis jresult.
Answer: jThe jstudy jnarrative jindicated jthat jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jincreased jwith jthe
jgreater jNYHA jclass. jIn jNYHA jclass jIII, j64% jof jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed, jwhereas j11% jof
jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed jin jNYHA jclass jI. jThus, jas jthe jNYHA jclass jincreased, jthe jnumber
jof jsub- jjects jwith jdepression jincreased. jThis jis jan jexpected jfinding jbecause jas jthe jNYHA
jclass jincreases, jcardiac jpatients jhave jmore jsevere jphysical jsymptoms, jwhich jusually jresult jin
jemotional jdistress, jsuch jas jdepression. jNurses jneed jto jactively jassess jcardiac jpatients jfor
jdepression, jespecially jthose j in jhigher jNYHA jclasses, jso jthey jmight jbe jdiagnosed jand
jtreated jas jneeded.
8. j What jfrequency jand jpercent jof jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy jwere jnot jbeing jtreated
jwith jan jantidepressant? jShow jyour jcalculations jand jround jyour janswer jto jthe
jnearest jwhole jpercent j(%).
Answer: j A j total j of j 106 j cardiac j patients j participated j in j this j study. j The j sample
j included j 15 j patients j who j were j receiving j an j antidepressant j (see j Table j 1). j The
j number j of j cardiac jpatients j not j treated j for j depression j was j 91 j (106 j – j 15 j = j91).
j The j group j percent j is j calculated jby j the j following j formula: j (group j frequency j ÷ jtotal
j sample j size) j × j100%. j For j this j study, j(91 j patients j ÷ j106 j sample j size) j × j100%
j = j0.858 j × j100% j = j85.8% j = j86%. j The j final janswer j is j rounded j to j the j nearest
j whole j percent j as j directed j in j the j question. j You j could j have jalso jsubtracted jthe j14%
jof jpatients jtreated jwith jantidepressants jfrom j100% jand jobtained jthe j86% jwho jwere jnot
jtreated jwith jan jantidepressant.
t. j What jwas jthe jpurpose jof jthe j5-minute jwalk jtest j(5MWT)? jWould jthe j5MWT jbe
juseful jin jclinical jpractice?
Answer: jHa jet jal. j(2018) jstated, j―The j6-min jwalk jtest j(6MWT) jis ja jmeasure jof jthe
jsubmaximal, jsteady-state jfunctional jcapacity‖ jof jcardiac jpatients. jThis jtest jwould jbe ja
jquick, jeasy jway jto jdetermine j a j cardiac j patient’s j functional j status j in j a j clinical
j setting. j This j functional j status jscore j could j be j used j to j determine j the j treatment j plan
j to j promote j or j maintain j functional j status jof jcardiac jpatients.
, Answer jGuidelines jfor jQuestions jto jBe jGraded AG j1-3
10. j How jwas jexercise jconfidence jmeasured jin jthis jstudy? jWhat jwas jthe jlevel jof
jmeasurement jfor jthe jexercise jconfidence jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale
jfor jyour janswer. jAnswer: jExercise jconfidence jof jthe jpatients jwith jheart jfailure j(HF) jin
jthis jstudy jwas jmeasured jwith jthe jExercise jConfidence jScale jthat jincluded jfour jsubscales
jfocused jon jwalking, jclimbing, jlifting jobjects jof jgraded jweight, jand jrunning j(see jthe jstudy
jnarrative). jThis jwas ja jrating jscale jwith jvalues jranging jfrom j0 jto j100. jThe jpatients’ jscores
jfor jthe jTotal jExercise jConfidence jscale jand jthe jsubscales jwere jconsidered jinterval-level
jdata jand janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics, jsuch jas jmeans jand jSDs j(see jthe jstudy
jnarrative; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
