PHIL347 - Week 6 Quiz and midterm
What are three fundamental reasoning strategies listed in the text?
Comparative Reasoning, Empirical Reasoning, & Ideological Reasoning
What is comparative reasoning?
Taking what you know and applying it to what you do not know. This process allows us to
explore new concepts.
How well do the four tests work with respect to evaluating comparative reasoning?
No, we don’t know if these four tests work good with comparative reasoning. Comparative
reasoning does not tell us if something is true or not.
How can we determine if one comparison is more comprehensive than another?
If the premises are true and claims are related
What are those "important ways" that determine the credibility of conclusions based on
similarities?
The premises and the relevance
Define empirical reasoning
Relates to data and observations. We use this data to help support the ideas.
What are the three defining characteristics of empirical reasoning?
Inductive, Self-corrective, and independent verification
What is meant by the "null hypothesis"
No correlation between the two variables
What is the purpose of empirical reasoning?
Used in the healthcare field and the science field to help us support claims and research.
How do we evaluate empirical reasoning?
Peer Review, Logical Strength, and Test of non-circulatory
What part of research study addresses the test for logical strength, and how is it addressed?
Sample Size & Data collected
Briefly explain the process of peer review. What is the process of peer review designed to do?
, Makes sure that the information is posted and reviewed by a credible source.
If reasoning is empirical, contains statistics, and appears in print, should we take for granted
that it has passed the four tests of truthfulness of the premises, logical strength, relevance,
and non-circularity? Explain your answer.
No, we should not take for granted. Even though it is empirical and has data it has to pass all
four tests.
Moral realism
- there are both objective moral truths and objective moral fallacies
Moral realism steps
(1) no statement is true/false except objective reality makes it so
(2) there are true moral statements
(3) so, moral statements are made true or false by objective reality
Kant on moral realism
(1) it is rationally (morally necessary) to find perfect good, since happiness comes f. complete
virtue
(2) there is an obligation to attain what is possible to be attained
(3) perfect good's goal is only possible if natural order/causality are parts of a greater moral
order
(4) moral order only possible if God is the source
(5) so, there is a moral necessity to conclude God exists
Euthyphro dilemma
- does God will the good because it is good?
OR
- is it good because God wills it?
Good because it is good
- "the good" and "God" become independent f. each other, so must be followed
- problematic because "the good" itself is not divine
Because God wills it
- makes "the good" contingent on God, whatever God commands is "good"
- no room for intrinsic good
Aquinas on the Euthyphro dilemma
What are three fundamental reasoning strategies listed in the text?
Comparative Reasoning, Empirical Reasoning, & Ideological Reasoning
What is comparative reasoning?
Taking what you know and applying it to what you do not know. This process allows us to
explore new concepts.
How well do the four tests work with respect to evaluating comparative reasoning?
No, we don’t know if these four tests work good with comparative reasoning. Comparative
reasoning does not tell us if something is true or not.
How can we determine if one comparison is more comprehensive than another?
If the premises are true and claims are related
What are those "important ways" that determine the credibility of conclusions based on
similarities?
The premises and the relevance
Define empirical reasoning
Relates to data and observations. We use this data to help support the ideas.
What are the three defining characteristics of empirical reasoning?
Inductive, Self-corrective, and independent verification
What is meant by the "null hypothesis"
No correlation between the two variables
What is the purpose of empirical reasoning?
Used in the healthcare field and the science field to help us support claims and research.
How do we evaluate empirical reasoning?
Peer Review, Logical Strength, and Test of non-circulatory
What part of research study addresses the test for logical strength, and how is it addressed?
Sample Size & Data collected
Briefly explain the process of peer review. What is the process of peer review designed to do?
, Makes sure that the information is posted and reviewed by a credible source.
If reasoning is empirical, contains statistics, and appears in print, should we take for granted
that it has passed the four tests of truthfulness of the premises, logical strength, relevance,
and non-circularity? Explain your answer.
No, we should not take for granted. Even though it is empirical and has data it has to pass all
four tests.
Moral realism
- there are both objective moral truths and objective moral fallacies
Moral realism steps
(1) no statement is true/false except objective reality makes it so
(2) there are true moral statements
(3) so, moral statements are made true or false by objective reality
Kant on moral realism
(1) it is rationally (morally necessary) to find perfect good, since happiness comes f. complete
virtue
(2) there is an obligation to attain what is possible to be attained
(3) perfect good's goal is only possible if natural order/causality are parts of a greater moral
order
(4) moral order only possible if God is the source
(5) so, there is a moral necessity to conclude God exists
Euthyphro dilemma
- does God will the good because it is good?
OR
- is it good because God wills it?
Good because it is good
- "the good" and "God" become independent f. each other, so must be followed
- problematic because "the good" itself is not divine
Because God wills it
- makes "the good" contingent on God, whatever God commands is "good"
- no room for intrinsic good
Aquinas on the Euthyphro dilemma
