CCBC ESSEX BIO 110 FINAL EXAM 2025-
2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED STUDYGUIDE
steroid Correct Answer A type of lipid characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical
groups attached. insoluble in water makes it a lipid
protein Correct Answer A macromolecule that contains the
principal components of organism: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur; performs a variety of structural and regulatory
functions for cells.
amino acid Correct Answer Building blocks of protein (monomer)
poly peptide Correct Answer a polymer of proteins
peptide bond Correct Answer The covalent bond between two
amino acids, joining them into a peptide or protein.
protein structure Correct Answer 4 Levels: primary, secondary,
tertiary, quaternary; can become denatured (lose structure and
function) if temp, salt, or ph changes.
primary structure Correct Answer The first level of protein
structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a
polypeptide chain.
secondary structure Correct Answer The localized, repetitive
coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to
hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages.
,beta sheet Correct Answer One form of the secondary structure of
proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or
where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are
held together by hydrogen bonds. pleated structure
alpha helix Correct Answer A spiral shape constituting one form of
the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific
hydrogen-bonding structure. coiled structure
tertiary structure Correct Answer The third level of protein
structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up
the chain.
quaternary structure Correct Answer The fourth level of protein
structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more
polypeptide subunits.
conformation Correct Answer Final protein shape. primary
determines tertiary
denaturation Correct Answer An unfavorable change of the
environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal
shape and not to function. only effects secondary and tertiary
nucleic acid Correct Answer DNA and RNA
nucleotide Correct Answer A building block of DNA, consisting of
a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and
a phosphate group.
nucleic acid bases Correct Answer adenine, thymine, cytosine,
and guanine
,purine Correct Answer small name, big structure. 2 rings. adenine
and guanine
pyrimidine Correct Answer big name, small structure. 1 ring.
cytosine, thymine and uracil
base pairs Correct Answer Any of the pairs formed between
complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such
as A-T and C-G (DNA) A-U and C-G (RNA)
cell theory Correct Answer 1. all living organisms are composed
of cells
2. cells are the smallest unit of life
3. cells come from pre existing cells
magnification Correct Answer Make appear larger than it is,
especially with a lens or microscope.
resolution Correct Answer Ability of a microscope to distinguish
two objects as separate
contrast Correct Answer the act of distinguishing by comparing
differences
light microscope Correct Answer Microscope that uses a beam of
light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
electron microscope Correct Answer focuses a beam of electrons
through the specimen or into it's surface
transmission electron microscope Correct Answer 3D structure of
a sliced specimen.
scanning electron microscope Correct Answer 3D structure of
specimen
, nucleiod region Correct Answer A non-membrane bounded region
in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.
cytoplasm Correct Answer Gel like fluid in the cell like jello
plasma membrane Correct Answer A selectively-permeable
phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
cell wall Correct Answer Found outside the cell membrane, make
mostly of cellulose
glycocalyx Correct Answer sugar coating surrounding the wall
flagella/cillia Correct Answer protrusions from the cell that assist
locomotion
pilli Correct Answer sticky extensions
ribosome Correct Answer make proteins
cytosol Correct Answer cytoplasm
metabolism Correct Answer All of the chemical reactions that
occur within an organism. happens in cytoplasm
catabolism Correct Answer Breaking down. hydrolysis
anabolism Correct Answer Building up of molecules. dehydration
cytoskeleton Correct Answer network of 3 different types of
protein filaments
microtubules Correct Answer largest. long cylinders, dynamic
instability. function: locomotion cargo transport around cell.
2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED STUDYGUIDE
steroid Correct Answer A type of lipid characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical
groups attached. insoluble in water makes it a lipid
protein Correct Answer A macromolecule that contains the
principal components of organism: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur; performs a variety of structural and regulatory
functions for cells.
amino acid Correct Answer Building blocks of protein (monomer)
poly peptide Correct Answer a polymer of proteins
peptide bond Correct Answer The covalent bond between two
amino acids, joining them into a peptide or protein.
protein structure Correct Answer 4 Levels: primary, secondary,
tertiary, quaternary; can become denatured (lose structure and
function) if temp, salt, or ph changes.
primary structure Correct Answer The first level of protein
structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a
polypeptide chain.
secondary structure Correct Answer The localized, repetitive
coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to
hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages.
,beta sheet Correct Answer One form of the secondary structure of
proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or
where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are
held together by hydrogen bonds. pleated structure
alpha helix Correct Answer A spiral shape constituting one form of
the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific
hydrogen-bonding structure. coiled structure
tertiary structure Correct Answer The third level of protein
structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up
the chain.
quaternary structure Correct Answer The fourth level of protein
structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more
polypeptide subunits.
conformation Correct Answer Final protein shape. primary
determines tertiary
denaturation Correct Answer An unfavorable change of the
environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal
shape and not to function. only effects secondary and tertiary
nucleic acid Correct Answer DNA and RNA
nucleotide Correct Answer A building block of DNA, consisting of
a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and
a phosphate group.
nucleic acid bases Correct Answer adenine, thymine, cytosine,
and guanine
,purine Correct Answer small name, big structure. 2 rings. adenine
and guanine
pyrimidine Correct Answer big name, small structure. 1 ring.
cytosine, thymine and uracil
base pairs Correct Answer Any of the pairs formed between
complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such
as A-T and C-G (DNA) A-U and C-G (RNA)
cell theory Correct Answer 1. all living organisms are composed
of cells
2. cells are the smallest unit of life
3. cells come from pre existing cells
magnification Correct Answer Make appear larger than it is,
especially with a lens or microscope.
resolution Correct Answer Ability of a microscope to distinguish
two objects as separate
contrast Correct Answer the act of distinguishing by comparing
differences
light microscope Correct Answer Microscope that uses a beam of
light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
electron microscope Correct Answer focuses a beam of electrons
through the specimen or into it's surface
transmission electron microscope Correct Answer 3D structure of
a sliced specimen.
scanning electron microscope Correct Answer 3D structure of
specimen
, nucleiod region Correct Answer A non-membrane bounded region
in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.
cytoplasm Correct Answer Gel like fluid in the cell like jello
plasma membrane Correct Answer A selectively-permeable
phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
cell wall Correct Answer Found outside the cell membrane, make
mostly of cellulose
glycocalyx Correct Answer sugar coating surrounding the wall
flagella/cillia Correct Answer protrusions from the cell that assist
locomotion
pilli Correct Answer sticky extensions
ribosome Correct Answer make proteins
cytosol Correct Answer cytoplasm
metabolism Correct Answer All of the chemical reactions that
occur within an organism. happens in cytoplasm
catabolism Correct Answer Breaking down. hydrolysis
anabolism Correct Answer Building up of molecules. dehydration
cytoskeleton Correct Answer network of 3 different types of
protein filaments
microtubules Correct Answer largest. long cylinders, dynamic
instability. function: locomotion cargo transport around cell.
