BIOL 2113 QUESTIONS AND ASWERS LATEST UPDATE
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hydrophilic
phosphate head
hydrophobic
phosphate tails
cell membrane
an extremely pliable structure composed primarily of back-to-back phospholipids (a
"bilayer").
amphipathic molecule
one that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.
outward
direction phospholipid heads face
interstitial fluid
term given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels.
remains fluid
An important feature of the membrane
integral protein
a protein that is embedded in the membrane.
channel protein
an integral protein that selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to
pass into or out of the cell.
receptor
a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the
cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the cell.
ligand
specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor.
glycoprotein
a protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular
matrix.
glycocalyx
a fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other
carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane
peripheral proteins
found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer but can also be attached to the
internal or external surface of an integral protein and perform specific functions for the
cell
relatively small, nonpolar molecules
types of materials that can easily pass through the cell membrane
concentration gradient
the difference in concentration of a substance across a space. Molecules (or ions) will
spread/diffuse from where they are more concentrated to where they are less
concentrated until they are equally distributed in that space.
, diffusion
the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
facilitated diffusion
process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size,
charge, and/or polarity
isotonic
Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes
hypertonic
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution; cell will
shrivel
hypotonic
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution; cell will swell
filtration
uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid—and the solutes within it—
from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area.
protein pumps
One of the most common types of active transport
sodium-potassium pump
ATPase, transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium into the cell.
electrical gradient
difference in electrical charge across a space.
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
What is the ratio and direction of a sodium-potassium ATPase pump activity?
symporters/cotransporter
secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction
antiporters
secondary active transport systems that transport substances in opposite directions
endocytosis
process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane,
and then pinching off that portion of membrane
vesicle
a membranous sac—a spherical and hollow organelle bounded by a lipid bilayer
membrane.
phagocytosis
the endocytosis of large particles.
pinocytosis
brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis by a portion of the cell membrane that contains many receptors that are
specific for a certain substance.
exocytosis
the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport
cytosol
the jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for
biochemical reactions.
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hydrophilic
phosphate head
hydrophobic
phosphate tails
cell membrane
an extremely pliable structure composed primarily of back-to-back phospholipids (a
"bilayer").
amphipathic molecule
one that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.
outward
direction phospholipid heads face
interstitial fluid
term given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels.
remains fluid
An important feature of the membrane
integral protein
a protein that is embedded in the membrane.
channel protein
an integral protein that selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to
pass into or out of the cell.
receptor
a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the
cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the cell.
ligand
specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor.
glycoprotein
a protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular
matrix.
glycocalyx
a fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other
carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane
peripheral proteins
found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer but can also be attached to the
internal or external surface of an integral protein and perform specific functions for the
cell
relatively small, nonpolar molecules
types of materials that can easily pass through the cell membrane
concentration gradient
the difference in concentration of a substance across a space. Molecules (or ions) will
spread/diffuse from where they are more concentrated to where they are less
concentrated until they are equally distributed in that space.
, diffusion
the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
facilitated diffusion
process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size,
charge, and/or polarity
isotonic
Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes
hypertonic
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution; cell will
shrivel
hypotonic
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution; cell will swell
filtration
uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid—and the solutes within it—
from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area.
protein pumps
One of the most common types of active transport
sodium-potassium pump
ATPase, transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium into the cell.
electrical gradient
difference in electrical charge across a space.
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
What is the ratio and direction of a sodium-potassium ATPase pump activity?
symporters/cotransporter
secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction
antiporters
secondary active transport systems that transport substances in opposite directions
endocytosis
process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane,
and then pinching off that portion of membrane
vesicle
a membranous sac—a spherical and hollow organelle bounded by a lipid bilayer
membrane.
phagocytosis
the endocytosis of large particles.
pinocytosis
brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis by a portion of the cell membrane that contains many receptors that are
specific for a certain substance.
exocytosis
the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport
cytosol
the jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for
biochemical reactions.
