BIOL 2113 QUESTIONS AND ASWERS LATEST UPDATE
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Chemistry and Physiological Reactions
Body is made up of many chemicals. Chemistry underlies all physiological reactions:
Movement, digestion, pumping of heart and nervous system.
Chemistry can be broken down into:
-Basic Chemistry
-Biochemistry
Basic Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
- can be seen, smelled and or felt
-Weight is mass plus the effects of gravity
States of Matter
Matter can exist in three possible states: Solid, liquid, Gas
Solid
define shape and volume
Liquid
changeable shape, definite volume
Gas
changeable shape and volume
Energy
The capacity to do work or put matter into motion.
Does not have mass, nor does it take up space.
Greater the work done, the more energy it uses up.
Can be transformed from potential to kinetic.
Stored can be released, resulting in action.
Two possible forms of energy exist
-Kinetic
-Potential
Kinetic
Energy in action
Potential
Store (inactive) energy
Forms of Energy
- Chemical
-Electrical
-Mechanical
-Radian or electromagnetic
Chemical Energy
Stored in bonds of chemical substances
, Electric Energy
Results from movement of changed particles
Mechanical Energy
Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant or electromagnetic energy
Travels in waves(ex: heat, visible light, ultraviolet light and xrays)
Energy form conversions
-Energy may be converted from one form to another
* Example: turning on a lamp coverts electrical energy to light energy
-Energy conversions is inefficient
*Some energy is lost as heat, which can be partly unusable energy
Atoms and Elements
All matter is composed of elements
Elements
Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
methods
Four elements make up to 96% of body:
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
9 elements make up
3.9% of the body
11 elements make up
<0.01 of the body
Periodic Table
List all known elements
All elements are made up of matter, which are:
-Unique building blocks for each element.
-Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element
-what give ear element its particular physical and chemical properties.
Atomic Symbol
One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element.
Example: O for oxygen C for carbon
Some symbols come from Latin names "Na" natrium is sodium, "K" kalium is potassium
Oxygen (O)
A component of both organic (carbo-containing) and inorganic ( non-carbon containing)
molecules. As a gas, it is needed for the production of cellular (ATP)
Carbon (C)
A component of all organic molecules, which include carbohydrates, lipids (fats and
oils), proteins and nucleic acids
Hydrogen (H)
A component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body
fluids
Nitrogen (N)
A component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
Calcium (Ca)
Found as a salt in bones and teeth. It's ionic (ca2) form is required to muscle
contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting.
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Chemistry and Physiological Reactions
Body is made up of many chemicals. Chemistry underlies all physiological reactions:
Movement, digestion, pumping of heart and nervous system.
Chemistry can be broken down into:
-Basic Chemistry
-Biochemistry
Basic Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
- can be seen, smelled and or felt
-Weight is mass plus the effects of gravity
States of Matter
Matter can exist in three possible states: Solid, liquid, Gas
Solid
define shape and volume
Liquid
changeable shape, definite volume
Gas
changeable shape and volume
Energy
The capacity to do work or put matter into motion.
Does not have mass, nor does it take up space.
Greater the work done, the more energy it uses up.
Can be transformed from potential to kinetic.
Stored can be released, resulting in action.
Two possible forms of energy exist
-Kinetic
-Potential
Kinetic
Energy in action
Potential
Store (inactive) energy
Forms of Energy
- Chemical
-Electrical
-Mechanical
-Radian or electromagnetic
Chemical Energy
Stored in bonds of chemical substances
, Electric Energy
Results from movement of changed particles
Mechanical Energy
Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant or electromagnetic energy
Travels in waves(ex: heat, visible light, ultraviolet light and xrays)
Energy form conversions
-Energy may be converted from one form to another
* Example: turning on a lamp coverts electrical energy to light energy
-Energy conversions is inefficient
*Some energy is lost as heat, which can be partly unusable energy
Atoms and Elements
All matter is composed of elements
Elements
Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
methods
Four elements make up to 96% of body:
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
9 elements make up
3.9% of the body
11 elements make up
<0.01 of the body
Periodic Table
List all known elements
All elements are made up of matter, which are:
-Unique building blocks for each element.
-Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element
-what give ear element its particular physical and chemical properties.
Atomic Symbol
One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element.
Example: O for oxygen C for carbon
Some symbols come from Latin names "Na" natrium is sodium, "K" kalium is potassium
Oxygen (O)
A component of both organic (carbo-containing) and inorganic ( non-carbon containing)
molecules. As a gas, it is needed for the production of cellular (ATP)
Carbon (C)
A component of all organic molecules, which include carbohydrates, lipids (fats and
oils), proteins and nucleic acids
Hydrogen (H)
A component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body
fluids
Nitrogen (N)
A component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
Calcium (Ca)
Found as a salt in bones and teeth. It's ionic (ca2) form is required to muscle
contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting.
