BIOL 2113 QUESTIONS AND ASWERS LATEST UPDATE
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Nervous system
master system of the body
>controld and coordinates all body functions
>major communication system of the body
>communication by means of generating, receiving, and transmitting electrical signals
(nerve impulses and action potentials)
3 primary functions of the nervous system
1. sensory
2. integration
3. motor
sensory
receptors (nerve endings) monitor stimuli, sensory input or changes in the environment
(external and internal)
integration
input is processed or interpreted by different parts of the CNS
motor
response sent by the CNS to an effector organ (muscle, gland or internal organ)
Functional example of the nervous system
>sensory input (seeing a red light) received or measured by receptors in your eyes
send a message to your brain (CNS)
>integration and interpretation areas (understand that not stopping could result in an
accident or worse your death)
>they send a message to motor output to the (effectors) muscles of your leg and foot
to step on the brake pedal to stop your car
central nerve system (cns)
>brain and spinal cord
>the integration and command center of the nervous system (and body)
>receives and interprets incoming sensory input/information
>initiates motor response based on past experience, reflexes, and current conditions
peripheral nerve system (pns)
>anything not CNS
>anything not protected by the skull or spine
>connect the CNS to the body
>2 groups:
1. spinal nerves
2. cranial nerves
2 PNS functional divisions
sensory funtion and motor function
>sensory/afferent= carries impulses toward the CNS from receptors located
throughout the body
, >mtor/efferent= carries impulses away from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and
glands); subdivided by conscious control (voluntary/involuntary)
motor division of the PNS
somatic and autonomic
somatic nerve system (sns)
conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles by conscious voluntary control
autonomic nerve system (ans)
conduct impulses from CNS to glands and organs (cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands)
involuntary control
>subdivided into 2 subdivisions that for the most part oppose one another in controlling
visceral organ functions
types of nerve cells
neuroglia and neurons
neuroglia
>protect and support neurons
>out number neurons 10:1
>account for 1/2 of our brains mass
neurons
electrically excitable cells
5 neuroglia
1. astrocytes
2. microglia
3. ependymal cells
4. schwann cells
5. oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
>from a barrier known as the "blood brain barrier" (determine capillary permeability)
> recycle and recapture neurotransmitters
>soak up leaked ions (potassium)
>provide nutrition (glucose) lactic acid to neurons
miscroglia
>monitor the health of neurons
>defensively protect neurons
>phagocytic (engulf microbes, dead, and injured cells)
>found at injury sites (infection, trauma, or stroke) on autopsy
ependymal cells
>line ventricles
>ciliated glial cells
>play a role in the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
shwann cells
>insulator
>myelinate an axon of an individual axon in the PNS
oligodendrocytes
>insulator
>myelinate groups of axons (as many as 60) in the CNS
satellite cells
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Nervous system
master system of the body
>controld and coordinates all body functions
>major communication system of the body
>communication by means of generating, receiving, and transmitting electrical signals
(nerve impulses and action potentials)
3 primary functions of the nervous system
1. sensory
2. integration
3. motor
sensory
receptors (nerve endings) monitor stimuli, sensory input or changes in the environment
(external and internal)
integration
input is processed or interpreted by different parts of the CNS
motor
response sent by the CNS to an effector organ (muscle, gland or internal organ)
Functional example of the nervous system
>sensory input (seeing a red light) received or measured by receptors in your eyes
send a message to your brain (CNS)
>integration and interpretation areas (understand that not stopping could result in an
accident or worse your death)
>they send a message to motor output to the (effectors) muscles of your leg and foot
to step on the brake pedal to stop your car
central nerve system (cns)
>brain and spinal cord
>the integration and command center of the nervous system (and body)
>receives and interprets incoming sensory input/information
>initiates motor response based on past experience, reflexes, and current conditions
peripheral nerve system (pns)
>anything not CNS
>anything not protected by the skull or spine
>connect the CNS to the body
>2 groups:
1. spinal nerves
2. cranial nerves
2 PNS functional divisions
sensory funtion and motor function
>sensory/afferent= carries impulses toward the CNS from receptors located
throughout the body
, >mtor/efferent= carries impulses away from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and
glands); subdivided by conscious control (voluntary/involuntary)
motor division of the PNS
somatic and autonomic
somatic nerve system (sns)
conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles by conscious voluntary control
autonomic nerve system (ans)
conduct impulses from CNS to glands and organs (cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands)
involuntary control
>subdivided into 2 subdivisions that for the most part oppose one another in controlling
visceral organ functions
types of nerve cells
neuroglia and neurons
neuroglia
>protect and support neurons
>out number neurons 10:1
>account for 1/2 of our brains mass
neurons
electrically excitable cells
5 neuroglia
1. astrocytes
2. microglia
3. ependymal cells
4. schwann cells
5. oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
>from a barrier known as the "blood brain barrier" (determine capillary permeability)
> recycle and recapture neurotransmitters
>soak up leaked ions (potassium)
>provide nutrition (glucose) lactic acid to neurons
miscroglia
>monitor the health of neurons
>defensively protect neurons
>phagocytic (engulf microbes, dead, and injured cells)
>found at injury sites (infection, trauma, or stroke) on autopsy
ependymal cells
>line ventricles
>ciliated glial cells
>play a role in the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
shwann cells
>insulator
>myelinate an axon of an individual axon in the PNS
oligodendrocytes
>insulator
>myelinate groups of axons (as many as 60) in the CNS
satellite cells
