BIOL 2113 QUESTIONS AND ASWERS LATEST UPDATE
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The cell is
the basic unit of structure and function in the body.
differentiated
Cells that have developed specialized characteristics
3 Major Parts of a Cell
:• Nucleus:•
Contains genetic material, directs cell’s activities
• Cytoplasm:•
Consists of organelles, with specific functions, suspended in a liquid called cytosol
Cell (plasma) membrane:•
Outer boundary of a cell, which maintains cell integrity and controlsentry and exit of
substances
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Outer boundary of the cell
• Maintains integrity of cell
• Flexible, thin, elastic
• Separates intracellular fluid (cytosol) from extracellularfluid
Selectively permeable membrane
*Regulates entry and exit of substances
• Signal transduction: permits cell to receive and respond to messages
• Consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates
Phospholipid bilayer
*Cell membrane framework
• Water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads form surfaces
• Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails form interior
• Bilayer is permeable to lipid-soluble substances, but not towater-soluble substances
Cholesterol
Stabilizes membrane, helps keep it impermeable to water-soluble substances
"fluid mosaic"
how the cell membrane is described when some lipids and proteins can move
Membrane proteins' functions
Pores, channels, receptors, enzymes, cell contact & identification, CAMs (CellAdhesion
Molecules)
Carbohydrates in the cell
act as "self-markers" by forming complex sugar chains on the cell surface, which allow
cells to recognize each other through specific interactions with other cells' carbohydrate
receptors
Receptors
Respond to extracellular signals
Pores, channels, carriers
Integral Proteins
, Transport small molecules and ions; transduce (convert) signals
Enzymes
Catalyze chemical reactions
Cell surface proteins/Cellular adhesion molecules
establish self/enable cells to stick to each other
Mutations in +Na Channels
can cause inability to feel pain or extreme pain conditions.
Mutations in+K Channels
can disrupt electrical activity of the heart and disturb heart rhythm, and/or impair
hearing.
Abnormal −CI Channels
*cause of Cystic Fibrosis
*production of thick mucus which causes difficulty breathing,clogged pancreas, salty
sweat.
Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMs):
Guide cells on the move
• Guide embryonic cells toward maternal cells to form placenta
• Establish connections between nerve cells
-integrins & selectins are types of CAMs
Selectins:
• Coat white blood cells and anchor them to capillary walls by providing friction
Integrins:
• Direct white blood cells through capillary walls toward infection sites
Adhesion receptor proteins:
• Bind to integrins to help white blood cells leave capillary -(blood vessel)
organelle:
-a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much
like an organ does in the body.
-the cell's nucleus is considered an organelle -a component of the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm:
• Consists of networks of membranes and organelles, suspended in cytosol - (fluid
portion of the cytoplasm)
Cytoskeleton
in the cytoplasm; a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep
its shape, and aids in movement
Ribosomes:
• Composed of protein and RNA
• Free in cytoplasm or on RER - (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
• Provide structural support and enzyme activity to link amino acids in protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Membrane-bound sacs, canals, vesicles
• Tubular transport system
Cytoplasmic organelles
mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
peroxisomes, vesicles
• Smooth ER
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
The cell is
the basic unit of structure and function in the body.
differentiated
Cells that have developed specialized characteristics
3 Major Parts of a Cell
:• Nucleus:•
Contains genetic material, directs cell’s activities
• Cytoplasm:•
Consists of organelles, with specific functions, suspended in a liquid called cytosol
Cell (plasma) membrane:•
Outer boundary of a cell, which maintains cell integrity and controlsentry and exit of
substances
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Outer boundary of the cell
• Maintains integrity of cell
• Flexible, thin, elastic
• Separates intracellular fluid (cytosol) from extracellularfluid
Selectively permeable membrane
*Regulates entry and exit of substances
• Signal transduction: permits cell to receive and respond to messages
• Consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates
Phospholipid bilayer
*Cell membrane framework
• Water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads form surfaces
• Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails form interior
• Bilayer is permeable to lipid-soluble substances, but not towater-soluble substances
Cholesterol
Stabilizes membrane, helps keep it impermeable to water-soluble substances
"fluid mosaic"
how the cell membrane is described when some lipids and proteins can move
Membrane proteins' functions
Pores, channels, receptors, enzymes, cell contact & identification, CAMs (CellAdhesion
Molecules)
Carbohydrates in the cell
act as "self-markers" by forming complex sugar chains on the cell surface, which allow
cells to recognize each other through specific interactions with other cells' carbohydrate
receptors
Receptors
Respond to extracellular signals
Pores, channels, carriers
Integral Proteins
, Transport small molecules and ions; transduce (convert) signals
Enzymes
Catalyze chemical reactions
Cell surface proteins/Cellular adhesion molecules
establish self/enable cells to stick to each other
Mutations in +Na Channels
can cause inability to feel pain or extreme pain conditions.
Mutations in+K Channels
can disrupt electrical activity of the heart and disturb heart rhythm, and/or impair
hearing.
Abnormal −CI Channels
*cause of Cystic Fibrosis
*production of thick mucus which causes difficulty breathing,clogged pancreas, salty
sweat.
Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMs):
Guide cells on the move
• Guide embryonic cells toward maternal cells to form placenta
• Establish connections between nerve cells
-integrins & selectins are types of CAMs
Selectins:
• Coat white blood cells and anchor them to capillary walls by providing friction
Integrins:
• Direct white blood cells through capillary walls toward infection sites
Adhesion receptor proteins:
• Bind to integrins to help white blood cells leave capillary -(blood vessel)
organelle:
-a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much
like an organ does in the body.
-the cell's nucleus is considered an organelle -a component of the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm:
• Consists of networks of membranes and organelles, suspended in cytosol - (fluid
portion of the cytoplasm)
Cytoskeleton
in the cytoplasm; a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep
its shape, and aids in movement
Ribosomes:
• Composed of protein and RNA
• Free in cytoplasm or on RER - (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
• Provide structural support and enzyme activity to link amino acids in protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Membrane-bound sacs, canals, vesicles
• Tubular transport system
Cytoplasmic organelles
mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
peroxisomes, vesicles
• Smooth ER
