VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Immune system functions
- Defending against invading pathogens
- Removing damaged cells and damaged tissue
- Immune surveillance: identifying and destroying
abnormal cancer cells that have originated in the body
Pathogens:
bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are the major targets of the immune system
Virulence:
disease-producing power of a pathogen
Leukocytes
are the effector cells of the immune system
- Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells,
Tand B lymphocytes
The ________ contact with an infectious agent, results in an increased and more
vigorous response.
second
Lymphoid tissues
Tissues that produce, store, or process lymphocytes
Innate responses
non selectively defend against foreign material
Adaptive responses
selectively target particular invaders
Macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
Activated Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms, antigen
presentation
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the
nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Activated Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Natural killer cell
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of
innate immunity.
Releases lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells
Dendritic cell
, Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack
Activated function: Antigen uptake in peripheral sites, antigen presentation
Eosinophil cell
Activated Function: Killing of antibody-coated parasites
Mast cell
Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.
Activated function: Release of granules containing histamine and active agents
Innate immune system
- Responses work immediately upon exposure
• Exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns
• Endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns
- Rapid but limited and nonselective response to unfriendly changes of all kinds
Adaptive immune system
Customizes defenses for specific pathogens
Mechanical Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions (Skin, Gut, Lungs, Eyes/Nose)
-Longitudinal flow of air or fluid (Skin, Gut)
-Movement of mucus by cilia (Lungs)
-Tears Nasal cilia (Eyes/Nose)
Chemical Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Fatty acids (Skin)
-Low pH (Gut)
-Enzymes (pepsin) (Gut)
-Enzymes in tears (lysozyme) (Eyes/Nose)
-Antibacterial peptides (Skin, Gut, Lungs)
Microbiological Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Normal flora (Skin, Gut)
Inflammation definition
A nonspecific response to foreign invasion or tissue damage
results of Inflammation
- Defense by resident tissue macrophages
- Localized vasodilation
- Increased capillary permeability
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Immune system functions
- Defending against invading pathogens
- Removing damaged cells and damaged tissue
- Immune surveillance: identifying and destroying
abnormal cancer cells that have originated in the body
Pathogens:
bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are the major targets of the immune system
Virulence:
disease-producing power of a pathogen
Leukocytes
are the effector cells of the immune system
- Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells,
Tand B lymphocytes
The ________ contact with an infectious agent, results in an increased and more
vigorous response.
second
Lymphoid tissues
Tissues that produce, store, or process lymphocytes
Innate responses
non selectively defend against foreign material
Adaptive responses
selectively target particular invaders
Macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
Activated Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms, antigen
presentation
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the
nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Activated Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Natural killer cell
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of
innate immunity.
Releases lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells
Dendritic cell
, Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack
Activated function: Antigen uptake in peripheral sites, antigen presentation
Eosinophil cell
Activated Function: Killing of antibody-coated parasites
Mast cell
Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.
Activated function: Release of granules containing histamine and active agents
Innate immune system
- Responses work immediately upon exposure
• Exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns
• Endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns
- Rapid but limited and nonselective response to unfriendly changes of all kinds
Adaptive immune system
Customizes defenses for specific pathogens
Mechanical Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions (Skin, Gut, Lungs, Eyes/Nose)
-Longitudinal flow of air or fluid (Skin, Gut)
-Movement of mucus by cilia (Lungs)
-Tears Nasal cilia (Eyes/Nose)
Chemical Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Fatty acids (Skin)
-Low pH (Gut)
-Enzymes (pepsin) (Gut)
-Enzymes in tears (lysozyme) (Eyes/Nose)
-Antibacterial peptides (Skin, Gut, Lungs)
Microbiological Innate System-Natural Barriers to Infection
-Normal flora (Skin, Gut)
Inflammation definition
A nonspecific response to foreign invasion or tissue damage
results of Inflammation
- Defense by resident tissue macrophages
- Localized vasodilation
- Increased capillary permeability
