VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Capillaries
where exchange happens
Upper respiratory system
mouth - air enters
pharynx - common passage for air/food
epiglomous - prevents food from entering wind pipe
Larynx - top of windpipe; where voice box is
Lower respiratory system
Trachea - biggest in diameter of respiratory system (bulk of windpipe)
branches into Left/ right bronchous - go to left/ right lung
Divides into smaller bronicoles with air filled sacs on the end (avioli)
Partial pressure exerted by dry air
711 mmHg
(always subtract 49 mmHg)
% of O2 in air
20.94%
Inhalation
muscles below lung will expand lung, when lung is expanded the pressure is lower in
lung, air will flow from atmosphere and sucked into lung
follow pressure gradient (high to low)
Exhalation
compressing lung - low lung volume, higher pressure than atmosphere, flow along
pressure gradient and flows from inside lung to atmosphere
Tidal volume
normal breathe
Expiratory reserve volume
exhale every bit of air you can
inspiratory reserve volume
inhale as much as you can, maximum volume
residual volume
volume that the lung will always have
due to muscles underneath lung
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve vol.
Fundamental residual volume
expiratory reserve vol. + residual vol.
vital capacity
tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol.
O2 is carried by
1. Hemoglobin (RBC)- bounded
2. Dissolved in plasma
,Pulmonary vein
only vein in body to carry oxygen rich blood
transports to the heart
Pulmonary artery
only artery that carries CO2 rich blood
travels to lung
Alveolous
where exchange happens between capillary
CO
High affinity for hemoglobin - almost all goes to bind
can always diffuse continuously bc will always be gradient = diffusion limited
N2O
All dissolved in plasma
partial pressure will be high - no more diffusion - no gradient = limited but perfusion
O2
In between CO and N2O
some will bing to hemoglobin and some dissolved in plasma
before 0.25 s diffusion limited
after 0.25 s perfusion limited
Fick's Law of Diffusion
1. Gradient partial pressure (goes from high to low)
2. Surface area: greater surface area, greater rate of diffusion
3. Barrier permeability: thicker - less permeable
4. Distance: greater distance - diffusion lower
Asthma
bronchioles get constricted = partial pressure O2 in aviolous low => gradient is low
Emphysema
Alvioli sacs get destroyed = not enough surface area for O2 to diffuse => rate is slow
Fibrotic Lung Disease
Alvioli membrane thickens - permeability is low => rate of diffusion is low
Pulmonary Edema
increased diffusion distance ==> rate is slower
Respiratory rate
how many breathes per minute
Partial pressure in atmosphere
= to inspire partial pressure
(same as in air)
Hypercapnia
increased arterial pressure CO2
acidemia
increased blood CO2
goes up with hypercapnia
P(aveolous)
- P(inspire O2) - P(CO2)/R
(R = 1 - for all carb diet, =0.8 - for all protein)
, more you breathe
more CO2 you expel
P(CO2) goes down
Arterial system
will always be 100 mmHg
Oxy hemoglobin saturation curve
Very little dissolved in plasma
majority is bound to hemoglobin
(1.39 Hb Sat/100) + 0.003P(O2)
CO2 high affintiy to hemoglobin
displaces O2
Less # O2 binds
P(CO2) goes up
pH goes up
P(CO2) goes down
more # of O2 binds
pH goes down
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
close to respiratory control center
involved in feedback to maintain arterial P(O2) and P(CO2) in carotid artery
senses P(O2)
P(O2) drops to 100-70 mmHg
no change
P(O2) drops below 65 mmHg
Peripheral chemoreceptors start firing action potential in Glossopharyngeal nerve
(afferent-Cranial nerve IX)
takes message to medulla - respiratory control center -> fires action potential into
efferent (out) phrenic nerve to diaphragm=> contracts, increases respiratory rate, breath
more
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
afferent nerve
Phrenic nerve
efferent nerve to diaphragm
Respiratory control center
Medulla
Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve X
longest cranial nerve
innervates every organ
Central Chemoreceptors
senses P(CO2)
in brain stem between #9 and #10
Have NO threshold
Increase CO2
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Capillaries
where exchange happens
Upper respiratory system
mouth - air enters
pharynx - common passage for air/food
epiglomous - prevents food from entering wind pipe
Larynx - top of windpipe; where voice box is
Lower respiratory system
Trachea - biggest in diameter of respiratory system (bulk of windpipe)
branches into Left/ right bronchous - go to left/ right lung
Divides into smaller bronicoles with air filled sacs on the end (avioli)
Partial pressure exerted by dry air
711 mmHg
(always subtract 49 mmHg)
% of O2 in air
20.94%
Inhalation
muscles below lung will expand lung, when lung is expanded the pressure is lower in
lung, air will flow from atmosphere and sucked into lung
follow pressure gradient (high to low)
Exhalation
compressing lung - low lung volume, higher pressure than atmosphere, flow along
pressure gradient and flows from inside lung to atmosphere
Tidal volume
normal breathe
Expiratory reserve volume
exhale every bit of air you can
inspiratory reserve volume
inhale as much as you can, maximum volume
residual volume
volume that the lung will always have
due to muscles underneath lung
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve vol.
Fundamental residual volume
expiratory reserve vol. + residual vol.
vital capacity
tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol.
O2 is carried by
1. Hemoglobin (RBC)- bounded
2. Dissolved in plasma
,Pulmonary vein
only vein in body to carry oxygen rich blood
transports to the heart
Pulmonary artery
only artery that carries CO2 rich blood
travels to lung
Alveolous
where exchange happens between capillary
CO
High affinity for hemoglobin - almost all goes to bind
can always diffuse continuously bc will always be gradient = diffusion limited
N2O
All dissolved in plasma
partial pressure will be high - no more diffusion - no gradient = limited but perfusion
O2
In between CO and N2O
some will bing to hemoglobin and some dissolved in plasma
before 0.25 s diffusion limited
after 0.25 s perfusion limited
Fick's Law of Diffusion
1. Gradient partial pressure (goes from high to low)
2. Surface area: greater surface area, greater rate of diffusion
3. Barrier permeability: thicker - less permeable
4. Distance: greater distance - diffusion lower
Asthma
bronchioles get constricted = partial pressure O2 in aviolous low => gradient is low
Emphysema
Alvioli sacs get destroyed = not enough surface area for O2 to diffuse => rate is slow
Fibrotic Lung Disease
Alvioli membrane thickens - permeability is low => rate of diffusion is low
Pulmonary Edema
increased diffusion distance ==> rate is slower
Respiratory rate
how many breathes per minute
Partial pressure in atmosphere
= to inspire partial pressure
(same as in air)
Hypercapnia
increased arterial pressure CO2
acidemia
increased blood CO2
goes up with hypercapnia
P(aveolous)
- P(inspire O2) - P(CO2)/R
(R = 1 - for all carb diet, =0.8 - for all protein)
, more you breathe
more CO2 you expel
P(CO2) goes down
Arterial system
will always be 100 mmHg
Oxy hemoglobin saturation curve
Very little dissolved in plasma
majority is bound to hemoglobin
(1.39 Hb Sat/100) + 0.003P(O2)
CO2 high affintiy to hemoglobin
displaces O2
Less # O2 binds
P(CO2) goes up
pH goes up
P(CO2) goes down
more # of O2 binds
pH goes down
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
close to respiratory control center
involved in feedback to maintain arterial P(O2) and P(CO2) in carotid artery
senses P(O2)
P(O2) drops to 100-70 mmHg
no change
P(O2) drops below 65 mmHg
Peripheral chemoreceptors start firing action potential in Glossopharyngeal nerve
(afferent-Cranial nerve IX)
takes message to medulla - respiratory control center -> fires action potential into
efferent (out) phrenic nerve to diaphragm=> contracts, increases respiratory rate, breath
more
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
afferent nerve
Phrenic nerve
efferent nerve to diaphragm
Respiratory control center
Medulla
Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve X
longest cranial nerve
innervates every organ
Central Chemoreceptors
senses P(CO2)
in brain stem between #9 and #10
Have NO threshold
Increase CO2
