VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Functions of the immune system
- defending against pathogens
- removing damaged cells
- surveillance (sensory system)
virulence
disease-producing ability of a pathogen, ebola is highly virulent (deadly)
neutrophils
phagocytic, engulf and destroy unwanted materials, come in to fight pathogens
first line of defense- kill everything and respond in 30 min
eosinophils
secrete chemicals which destroy parasitic worms and are involved in allergic reactions
*super killers of parasites
basophils
histamine and heparin, involved in allergic reactions
monocytes
get transformed into macrophages
B lymphocytes (B cells)
lymphocytes which produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign
material- antibody-related immunity
defend against invaders in the ECF
T lymphocytes (T cells)
lymphocytes which directly destroy by releasing chemicals that punch holes in invaders-
cell-mediated immunity
defend against invaders INSIDE the cell
basic points of innate immune system
nonspecific and immediate, built in defense mechanism, utilizes neutrophils,
phagocytes, and all macrophages
basic points of adaptive immune system
specific and slow, remembers things the body has already been exposed to, utilizes B
and T cells
What are PAMPs?
exogenous- pathogen associated molecular patterns such as carbs found outside the
human cell
what are DAMPs?
enodgenous- damage associated molecular patterns, such as ATP released from
trauma-damaged tissue
TLRs
, toll-like receptors, plasma membrane proteins which stud phagocyte cell membranes
and recognize pathogens
margination
neutrophils and monocytes stick to inner endothelial lining of capillaries in affected
tissues via selectins and integrins
selectins
a type of cell adhesion molecule which protrudes from vessel linings to slow down
neutrophils and monocytes (like carpet)
integrins
adhere leukocytes to the endothelial lining when they're attracted by cytokines
diapedesis
when adhered leukocytes behave like amoeba and squirm their way inside through
capillary pores
what do chemotaxins do to phagocytic cells?
the binding of chemotaxins/cytokines with protein receptors on the plasma membrane
increased Ca2+ entry, then Ca2+ induces the amoeba-like behavior
what is the precursor to and effect of IL-6 release?
bacteria induce macrophages to produce IL-6, which acts on hepatocytes to create
acute phase proteins such as CRP
C-reactive protein
CRP is an acute phase protein (APP) which facilitates C3P deposition onto microbial
surfaces and acts as an opsin for phagocytosis
RLRs and NLRs
viral DNA or RNA, like TLRs for viruses
interferon
group of 3 related cytokines, released from virus-infected cells to interfere with
replication of the virus in other host cells
how does an interferon work?
'whistle-blower'- does NOT have any direct antiviral effects; rather, triggers production
of virus-blocking enzymes in the host cell
natural killer cells
destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells by releasing chemicals that lyse their
membranes, provide an IMMEDIATE< NONSPECIFIC response until specific cells are
ready
complement system basics
- C5-C9 assemble into a complex which punches a hole in cells which lets in fluid until
they burst
- can function as innate or adaptive
Antibody-mediated immunity
1 of 2 adaptive immunity classes- B lymphocytes produce antibodies which indirectly
lead to destruction
cell-mediated immunity
1 of 2 adaptive immunity classes- T lymphocytes directly destroy invaders
B cell creation
B cells differentiate and mature in the bone marrow and comprise 30% of lymphocytes
in the blood
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Functions of the immune system
- defending against pathogens
- removing damaged cells
- surveillance (sensory system)
virulence
disease-producing ability of a pathogen, ebola is highly virulent (deadly)
neutrophils
phagocytic, engulf and destroy unwanted materials, come in to fight pathogens
first line of defense- kill everything and respond in 30 min
eosinophils
secrete chemicals which destroy parasitic worms and are involved in allergic reactions
*super killers of parasites
basophils
histamine and heparin, involved in allergic reactions
monocytes
get transformed into macrophages
B lymphocytes (B cells)
lymphocytes which produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign
material- antibody-related immunity
defend against invaders in the ECF
T lymphocytes (T cells)
lymphocytes which directly destroy by releasing chemicals that punch holes in invaders-
cell-mediated immunity
defend against invaders INSIDE the cell
basic points of innate immune system
nonspecific and immediate, built in defense mechanism, utilizes neutrophils,
phagocytes, and all macrophages
basic points of adaptive immune system
specific and slow, remembers things the body has already been exposed to, utilizes B
and T cells
What are PAMPs?
exogenous- pathogen associated molecular patterns such as carbs found outside the
human cell
what are DAMPs?
enodgenous- damage associated molecular patterns, such as ATP released from
trauma-damaged tissue
TLRs
, toll-like receptors, plasma membrane proteins which stud phagocyte cell membranes
and recognize pathogens
margination
neutrophils and monocytes stick to inner endothelial lining of capillaries in affected
tissues via selectins and integrins
selectins
a type of cell adhesion molecule which protrudes from vessel linings to slow down
neutrophils and monocytes (like carpet)
integrins
adhere leukocytes to the endothelial lining when they're attracted by cytokines
diapedesis
when adhered leukocytes behave like amoeba and squirm their way inside through
capillary pores
what do chemotaxins do to phagocytic cells?
the binding of chemotaxins/cytokines with protein receptors on the plasma membrane
increased Ca2+ entry, then Ca2+ induces the amoeba-like behavior
what is the precursor to and effect of IL-6 release?
bacteria induce macrophages to produce IL-6, which acts on hepatocytes to create
acute phase proteins such as CRP
C-reactive protein
CRP is an acute phase protein (APP) which facilitates C3P deposition onto microbial
surfaces and acts as an opsin for phagocytosis
RLRs and NLRs
viral DNA or RNA, like TLRs for viruses
interferon
group of 3 related cytokines, released from virus-infected cells to interfere with
replication of the virus in other host cells
how does an interferon work?
'whistle-blower'- does NOT have any direct antiviral effects; rather, triggers production
of virus-blocking enzymes in the host cell
natural killer cells
destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells by releasing chemicals that lyse their
membranes, provide an IMMEDIATE< NONSPECIFIC response until specific cells are
ready
complement system basics
- C5-C9 assemble into a complex which punches a hole in cells which lets in fluid until
they burst
- can function as innate or adaptive
Antibody-mediated immunity
1 of 2 adaptive immunity classes- B lymphocytes produce antibodies which indirectly
lead to destruction
cell-mediated immunity
1 of 2 adaptive immunity classes- T lymphocytes directly destroy invaders
B cell creation
B cells differentiate and mature in the bone marrow and comprise 30% of lymphocytes
in the blood
