VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Pericardium
leathery connective tissue joined with the diaphragm containing pericardial fluid (acting
as a lubricant to reduce friction)
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium typically caused by infection
Cardiac Tamponade
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.
could possibly cause ventricles to collapse if the pressure change is great enough.
What divides the right and left side of the heart?
Septum
Which portion of the heart has thicker walls and why?
The ventricles of the heart have thicker muscle in the walls because it requires a
stronger contraction to send blood into circulation compared to the atrium sending blood
to the ventricles.
Superior / Inferior Vena cava transport _______ from ________ to ________.
deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium.
Aorta transports _______ from ________ to ________.
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle back to systemic circulation.
Pulmonary Artery transports _______ from ________ to ________.
the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs/
Pulmonary Vein transport _______ from ________ to ________.
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be
pumped back into systemic circulation.
What valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral valve = bicuspid valve
What valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Between the two AV valves, which is more susceptible to regurgitation?
The Left AV Valve, (Mitral Valve)
What valve is between the aorta and the left ventricle?
Aortic Valve
What valve is between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle?
Pulmonary Valve
What determines if valves are open or closed?
PRESSURE
What is the main job of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?
PREVENT prolapse (turning inside out), as pressure can get very high during
contraction.
, (DO NOT help open and close valves)
What is the main job of the coronary arteries?
supply the heart muscles with blood.
What are coronary ostia?
tiny holes in the aorta that allow oxygenated blood to pass into the coronary arteries.
What vessel is present in utero, but not in grown adult human hearts?
ductus arteriosus
What is the purpose of the Ductus Arteriosus in utero?
it is a blood vessel that allows for blood to pass from pulmonary artery to the aorta
allowing blood to skip passing through the lungs and go right back to systemic
circulation
In utero, what path does blood make in the heart?
entrance through superior/inferior vena cava,
enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, enters right ventricle, passes
through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery, though the Ductus Arteriosus into the
aorta out into systemic circulation!
What type of heart cells are responsible for the contraction of the heart muscles?
cardiomyocytes
What type of heart cells are responsible for the initiation of contraction?
autorhythmic cells
pacemaker cells
What type of heart cell makes up 99% of the cells in the heart?
cardiomyocytes
What is the connection between cardiomyocytes called, and its function?
intercalated disks
What type of membrane junctions are present in intercalated disks?
desmosomes (stretch)
gap junctions (conduction)
What do gap junctions allow for in the heart?
Functional Syncytium
(operation of muscle as a single unit)
What ion movement causes depolarization?
In flow of Sodium (Na+)
In flow of Calcium (Ca+)
Out flow of Potassium (K+)
What is special about pacemaker cells?
Leaky cell membranes cause the depolarization automatically over time, so there is no
need for nervous system stimulation.
What is charateristic of the action potential in contractile cells?
Very quick (steep) depolarization
Slow repolarization causing a long refractory period (preventing a second action
potential from occurring)
What is the SA Node and where is it located?
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node is the Dominant Pacemaker of the heart, setting the pace to
around 70 BPM located inside the right atrium.
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Pericardium
leathery connective tissue joined with the diaphragm containing pericardial fluid (acting
as a lubricant to reduce friction)
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium typically caused by infection
Cardiac Tamponade
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.
could possibly cause ventricles to collapse if the pressure change is great enough.
What divides the right and left side of the heart?
Septum
Which portion of the heart has thicker walls and why?
The ventricles of the heart have thicker muscle in the walls because it requires a
stronger contraction to send blood into circulation compared to the atrium sending blood
to the ventricles.
Superior / Inferior Vena cava transport _______ from ________ to ________.
deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium.
Aorta transports _______ from ________ to ________.
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle back to systemic circulation.
Pulmonary Artery transports _______ from ________ to ________.
the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs/
Pulmonary Vein transport _______ from ________ to ________.
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be
pumped back into systemic circulation.
What valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral valve = bicuspid valve
What valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Between the two AV valves, which is more susceptible to regurgitation?
The Left AV Valve, (Mitral Valve)
What valve is between the aorta and the left ventricle?
Aortic Valve
What valve is between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle?
Pulmonary Valve
What determines if valves are open or closed?
PRESSURE
What is the main job of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?
PREVENT prolapse (turning inside out), as pressure can get very high during
contraction.
, (DO NOT help open and close valves)
What is the main job of the coronary arteries?
supply the heart muscles with blood.
What are coronary ostia?
tiny holes in the aorta that allow oxygenated blood to pass into the coronary arteries.
What vessel is present in utero, but not in grown adult human hearts?
ductus arteriosus
What is the purpose of the Ductus Arteriosus in utero?
it is a blood vessel that allows for blood to pass from pulmonary artery to the aorta
allowing blood to skip passing through the lungs and go right back to systemic
circulation
In utero, what path does blood make in the heart?
entrance through superior/inferior vena cava,
enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, enters right ventricle, passes
through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery, though the Ductus Arteriosus into the
aorta out into systemic circulation!
What type of heart cells are responsible for the contraction of the heart muscles?
cardiomyocytes
What type of heart cells are responsible for the initiation of contraction?
autorhythmic cells
pacemaker cells
What type of heart cell makes up 99% of the cells in the heart?
cardiomyocytes
What is the connection between cardiomyocytes called, and its function?
intercalated disks
What type of membrane junctions are present in intercalated disks?
desmosomes (stretch)
gap junctions (conduction)
What do gap junctions allow for in the heart?
Functional Syncytium
(operation of muscle as a single unit)
What ion movement causes depolarization?
In flow of Sodium (Na+)
In flow of Calcium (Ca+)
Out flow of Potassium (K+)
What is special about pacemaker cells?
Leaky cell membranes cause the depolarization automatically over time, so there is no
need for nervous system stimulation.
What is charateristic of the action potential in contractile cells?
Very quick (steep) depolarization
Slow repolarization causing a long refractory period (preventing a second action
potential from occurring)
What is the SA Node and where is it located?
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node is the Dominant Pacemaker of the heart, setting the pace to
around 70 BPM located inside the right atrium.
