VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, 99% of cells in blood
Leukocytes
WBCs
Hematocrit
Packed cell volume, essential erythrocytes, ~42% for women and 45 for men
Buffy coat
WBCs and plasma, <1%
Plasma
Remaining 55%
Anemia
hematocrit = 30, blood cells which are there need to be effective at carrying O2
polycythemia
hematocrit = 70%
dehydration
hematocrit = 70%, but overall blood volume is much less
hemoglobin
in RBCs, toxic to kidneys, made of globin protein and heme
hemolysis
rupture of RBCs, can cause hemolytic anemia
head to heart
negative pressure
venous hydrostatic pressure
100 mmHg ?????????????
erythropoietin
stimulates creation of RBCs by bone marrow
thrombus
clot attached to vessel wall
emboli
detached and floating clot
Respiratory quotient
R
What is external respiration?
The entire scheme of events between the external environment and cells.
What is the first step of external respiration?
Breathing/ventilation.
What is the second step of external respiration?
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the air in alveoli andvod in pulmonary
capillaries by diffusion.
What is the 3rd step of external respiration?
blood transports CO2/O2 between tissues and lungs
, 4th step of external respiration
O2/CO2 exchanged between tissue cells and blood via diffusion
other functions of the respiratory system
- route for water loss and heat elimination
- enhances venous return
- helps maintain acid-base balance
- communication (speaking)
General anatomy order
nasal passages/mouth -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli
Type 1 cells
flattened alveolar cells which make up the alveolar wall, extremely thin for diffusion
Type II cells
5% of the alveolar surface, secrete surfactant
Pleural Sac
separates each lung from the thoracic wall, interior is the pleural cavity which is filled
with intrapleural fluid
atmospheric/barometric pressure
pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere
intra-alveolar pressure
pressure within alveoli, when there's a difference between this and atmospheric they
equilibrate
intra-pleural pressure
pressure within pleural sac and outside of lungs, 756/-4 mm Hg
Transmural pressure gradient
stretched out the lungs because the intra-pleural pressure is "negative"
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity (which is usually completely sealed)
Inspiration
intra-alveolar < atmospheric
- lungs enlarge so there is more volume for air molecules to occupy, meaning pressure
drops
Inspiration muscles
- diaphragm: innervated by phrenic nerve (skeletal muscle)
- external intercostals: expand front-back and side-side by lifting sternum and ribs
What is the state of pressures between expiration and inspiration?
intra-alveolar = atmospheric
What causes air flow into the lungs?
the fall in intra-alveolar pressure brought about by lung expansion (inspiration)
Accessory inspiratory muscles
sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, these elevate the first two ribs to allow for a deeper
breath
Expiration
intra-alveolar > atmospheric
- NORMALLY PASSIVE
- as lungs recoil and become smaller, volume decreases and pressure rises
- outward flow ceases when intra-alveolar = atmospheric
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, 99% of cells in blood
Leukocytes
WBCs
Hematocrit
Packed cell volume, essential erythrocytes, ~42% for women and 45 for men
Buffy coat
WBCs and plasma, <1%
Plasma
Remaining 55%
Anemia
hematocrit = 30, blood cells which are there need to be effective at carrying O2
polycythemia
hematocrit = 70%
dehydration
hematocrit = 70%, but overall blood volume is much less
hemoglobin
in RBCs, toxic to kidneys, made of globin protein and heme
hemolysis
rupture of RBCs, can cause hemolytic anemia
head to heart
negative pressure
venous hydrostatic pressure
100 mmHg ?????????????
erythropoietin
stimulates creation of RBCs by bone marrow
thrombus
clot attached to vessel wall
emboli
detached and floating clot
Respiratory quotient
R
What is external respiration?
The entire scheme of events between the external environment and cells.
What is the first step of external respiration?
Breathing/ventilation.
What is the second step of external respiration?
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the air in alveoli andvod in pulmonary
capillaries by diffusion.
What is the 3rd step of external respiration?
blood transports CO2/O2 between tissues and lungs
, 4th step of external respiration
O2/CO2 exchanged between tissue cells and blood via diffusion
other functions of the respiratory system
- route for water loss and heat elimination
- enhances venous return
- helps maintain acid-base balance
- communication (speaking)
General anatomy order
nasal passages/mouth -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveoli
Type 1 cells
flattened alveolar cells which make up the alveolar wall, extremely thin for diffusion
Type II cells
5% of the alveolar surface, secrete surfactant
Pleural Sac
separates each lung from the thoracic wall, interior is the pleural cavity which is filled
with intrapleural fluid
atmospheric/barometric pressure
pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere
intra-alveolar pressure
pressure within alveoli, when there's a difference between this and atmospheric they
equilibrate
intra-pleural pressure
pressure within pleural sac and outside of lungs, 756/-4 mm Hg
Transmural pressure gradient
stretched out the lungs because the intra-pleural pressure is "negative"
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity (which is usually completely sealed)
Inspiration
intra-alveolar < atmospheric
- lungs enlarge so there is more volume for air molecules to occupy, meaning pressure
drops
Inspiration muscles
- diaphragm: innervated by phrenic nerve (skeletal muscle)
- external intercostals: expand front-back and side-side by lifting sternum and ribs
What is the state of pressures between expiration and inspiration?
intra-alveolar = atmospheric
What causes air flow into the lungs?
the fall in intra-alveolar pressure brought about by lung expansion (inspiration)
Accessory inspiratory muscles
sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, these elevate the first two ribs to allow for a deeper
breath
Expiration
intra-alveolar > atmospheric
- NORMALLY PASSIVE
- as lungs recoil and become smaller, volume decreases and pressure rises
- outward flow ceases when intra-alveolar = atmospheric
