VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Sternum
hollow bone which can be used for intraosseous drilling
Pericardial fluid
lubricant which prevents friction between the heart and its cavity when beating
Cardiac tamponade
extra fluid in the pericardial space which increases pressure (it's usually 0) and can
crush the ventricles
Pericardial effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
Ductus Arteriosus
in utero connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery
Auricle of left atrium
A-fib, clots form here, Cumidin is powerful anti-coagulant to prevent clots
Cardiac output
CO = SV * HR
SAME for both L and R sides of the heart
Coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart itself
Chordae tendineae
prevent prolapse of the closed valves
Pulmonary valve
semilunar valve, connects pulmonary artery and R ventricle
Aortic value
semilunar valve, connect aorta and left ventricle
Mitral valve
Bicuspid value, AV valve between left atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
AV valve between right atrium and ventricle
Fibrous rings
hold valves in place and serve as electrical insulators
Desmosomes
mechanically hold everything together
Gap junctions
for electrical conduction, form functional syncytium (atria and ventricles are separate
syncytiums)
Intercalated discs
connections between cardiac cells containing desmosomes and gap junctions
Autorhythmic cells
responsible for APs in the heart, slowly depolarize/drift between action potentials until
threshold is reached (this is a pacemaker potential) (nodes)
If funny channels
, voltage-gated channel on cardiac pacemaker cells which opens in response to
hyperpolarization to allow Na+ entry
T-type Ca2+ Channels (transient)
voltage-gated channel, If channels CLOSE then T-type channels open before threshold
to allow Ca2+ influx to bring the membrane to potential
L-type Ca2+ Channels (long-lasting)
voltage-gated, open at threshold to allow further Ca2+ influx (in skeletal muscles Na+
does this) and close when K+ channels open
K+ channels
voltage_gated, open coupled with closure of L-type Ca2+ channels so K+ LEAVES the
cell to repolarize, voltage-sensitive*- slowly close until bottom of graph when If open
SA Node
upper right atrium, 70-80 bpm
AV Node
lower right atrium, 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His
originates at AV node and spreads down septum and around bottom of ventricles to
promotes apex-up contraction
Pukinje fibers
extend from bundle of His, 20-40 bpm, rapidly transmit action potentials through the
ventricles
What would happen if conduction was blocked between the atria and ventricles?
The atria would maintain a normal pace set by the SA node while the ventricles would
assume separate pacing from purkije fibers (complete heart block)
What allows for the plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells?
A slow influx of Ca2+, this prevents tetanus
Where does most Ca2+ come from for cardiac contraction?
90% comes from the SR, the rest is released from the ECF(which is what prompts SR
dump)
P wave
Atrial depolarization
PR segment
AV nodal delay
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
ST segment
ventricular contraction and emptying
T wave
ventricular repolarization
TP segment
ventricles relaxing and filling
PVC
ectopic foci, premature ventricular contraction
3rd degree heart block
no P wave correlation with QRS complexes because atria and ventricles are beating
separately, overall HR is very low (like 30s)
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Sternum
hollow bone which can be used for intraosseous drilling
Pericardial fluid
lubricant which prevents friction between the heart and its cavity when beating
Cardiac tamponade
extra fluid in the pericardial space which increases pressure (it's usually 0) and can
crush the ventricles
Pericardial effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
Ductus Arteriosus
in utero connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery
Auricle of left atrium
A-fib, clots form here, Cumidin is powerful anti-coagulant to prevent clots
Cardiac output
CO = SV * HR
SAME for both L and R sides of the heart
Coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart itself
Chordae tendineae
prevent prolapse of the closed valves
Pulmonary valve
semilunar valve, connects pulmonary artery and R ventricle
Aortic value
semilunar valve, connect aorta and left ventricle
Mitral valve
Bicuspid value, AV valve between left atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
AV valve between right atrium and ventricle
Fibrous rings
hold valves in place and serve as electrical insulators
Desmosomes
mechanically hold everything together
Gap junctions
for electrical conduction, form functional syncytium (atria and ventricles are separate
syncytiums)
Intercalated discs
connections between cardiac cells containing desmosomes and gap junctions
Autorhythmic cells
responsible for APs in the heart, slowly depolarize/drift between action potentials until
threshold is reached (this is a pacemaker potential) (nodes)
If funny channels
, voltage-gated channel on cardiac pacemaker cells which opens in response to
hyperpolarization to allow Na+ entry
T-type Ca2+ Channels (transient)
voltage-gated channel, If channels CLOSE then T-type channels open before threshold
to allow Ca2+ influx to bring the membrane to potential
L-type Ca2+ Channels (long-lasting)
voltage-gated, open at threshold to allow further Ca2+ influx (in skeletal muscles Na+
does this) and close when K+ channels open
K+ channels
voltage_gated, open coupled with closure of L-type Ca2+ channels so K+ LEAVES the
cell to repolarize, voltage-sensitive*- slowly close until bottom of graph when If open
SA Node
upper right atrium, 70-80 bpm
AV Node
lower right atrium, 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His
originates at AV node and spreads down septum and around bottom of ventricles to
promotes apex-up contraction
Pukinje fibers
extend from bundle of His, 20-40 bpm, rapidly transmit action potentials through the
ventricles
What would happen if conduction was blocked between the atria and ventricles?
The atria would maintain a normal pace set by the SA node while the ventricles would
assume separate pacing from purkije fibers (complete heart block)
What allows for the plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells?
A slow influx of Ca2+, this prevents tetanus
Where does most Ca2+ come from for cardiac contraction?
90% comes from the SR, the rest is released from the ECF(which is what prompts SR
dump)
P wave
Atrial depolarization
PR segment
AV nodal delay
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
ST segment
ventricular contraction and emptying
T wave
ventricular repolarization
TP segment
ventricles relaxing and filling
PVC
ectopic foci, premature ventricular contraction
3rd degree heart block
no P wave correlation with QRS complexes because atria and ventricles are beating
separately, overall HR is very low (like 30s)
