VTPP 435 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Describe Poiseuille's equation for calculating resistance
R=(8Ln)/(pi*r^4)
where L is Length
where n is viscocity
where r is the radius of the tube
Describe the myogenic mechanims for blood pressure control, what range does it
work best in, how does it work
between 80 and 160 mmHg autoregulation keeps the blood flow to the brain constant by
constricting or dilating the vessel
describe the Fahreus- Lindquist effect
in smaller blood vessels the resistance is greater so the plasma in the blood gravitates
to the outer part of the capillary and the hematocrit stays in the center where it can
move much faster
define anamolous viscosity
as more hematocrit goes in the blood what happens to the viscocity
it increases
what are the intrinsic controls of Total peripheral resitance
auto regulation-myogenic
metabolic
endothelial derived factors
what are the extrinsic controls of Total peripheral resistance
neuro
hormonal
neuro-hormonal
describe metabolic vasodilation
as the tissue metabolism increases more metabolic vasodilators are released into the
ECF which dilates the arteriol, which allows more blood flow to the area hence an
increase in the amount of oxygen and nutirents to the tissue
endothelial derived relaxing factors
there are 3 endothelial derived factors, PGI2, EDHF, and nitric oxide NO, these are
released by the endothelium to the vascular smooth muscle were it causes it to dilate.
since they have a short half life they only affect one organ without affecting other organs
define systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arteriole
pressure
systolic pressure is the pressure while the ventrical is contracted
diastolic is the pressure while the ventricle is relaxed
pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic
mean arteriole pressure is the diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure =~
93mmHg
describe bulk flow
, the flow of electrolytes water na+ and glucose through gaps in the capillary walls.
Proteins cant fit
what are the stimulus for renin
low blood volume
low salt
sympathetic stimulation
what are the stimulus for vasopressin
low blood volume(10% loss)
increased salt concentration
describe the capilaries in the brain
the astrocytes in the brain along with the pores in the capillaries dont allow anything but
water into the brain. so the brain uses transporters for the ions it wants to keep
everything under control
small arterioles
large arterioles
small arteries
describe the mechanims that governs flow in these types of artery
small arteries use metabolic vasodilation
large arterioles use myogeni vasodilation
small Arteries are goverened by flow mediated dilation where if the flow is increased the
endothelial cells will secrete vasodilators
describe the neural reflex for heartrate based on Blood pressure
if the blood pressure sensed in the aorta, the receptors will send signals to the medulla,
if the pressure was high the sympathetic goes down and the parasympathetic goes up
which decreases the heart rate. this happens in an opposite way if the blood pressure
goes down
describe the vasopressin path
hormonal control of blood pressure, epinephrine and norepinephrine
a1 receptors in all organ beds respond to Norepinephrine
B2 are in the skeletal muscle and respond to Epinephrine
both of these are vasoconstrictors
the adreanl gland secretes 80% NE
describe the action potential of the cardiac cell(what happens inside the cell not
the graph)
(let this flow from left to right) the left cell has just finished going through the action
potential and it passes it on to the next cell. now the potential travels along the cell
which triggers voltage gated calcium channels to open allowing calcium from outside
the cell into the cell. this calcium binds to the RyR receptor on the SR which releases
the SR's store of calcium. all of this calcium creates a bunch of seperate sparks that
come together to create the signal. Ca binds to troponin on the muscle cell causing
contraction. relaxation occurs when the Ca unbinds with troponin and is pumped back
into the SR through an ATPase, some of the Ca is also pumped back outside the cell
through a Na+Ca+antiporter
describe the muscle twitch of the cardiac cell relative to the refractory period
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Describe Poiseuille's equation for calculating resistance
R=(8Ln)/(pi*r^4)
where L is Length
where n is viscocity
where r is the radius of the tube
Describe the myogenic mechanims for blood pressure control, what range does it
work best in, how does it work
between 80 and 160 mmHg autoregulation keeps the blood flow to the brain constant by
constricting or dilating the vessel
describe the Fahreus- Lindquist effect
in smaller blood vessels the resistance is greater so the plasma in the blood gravitates
to the outer part of the capillary and the hematocrit stays in the center where it can
move much faster
define anamolous viscosity
as more hematocrit goes in the blood what happens to the viscocity
it increases
what are the intrinsic controls of Total peripheral resitance
auto regulation-myogenic
metabolic
endothelial derived factors
what are the extrinsic controls of Total peripheral resistance
neuro
hormonal
neuro-hormonal
describe metabolic vasodilation
as the tissue metabolism increases more metabolic vasodilators are released into the
ECF which dilates the arteriol, which allows more blood flow to the area hence an
increase in the amount of oxygen and nutirents to the tissue
endothelial derived relaxing factors
there are 3 endothelial derived factors, PGI2, EDHF, and nitric oxide NO, these are
released by the endothelium to the vascular smooth muscle were it causes it to dilate.
since they have a short half life they only affect one organ without affecting other organs
define systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arteriole
pressure
systolic pressure is the pressure while the ventrical is contracted
diastolic is the pressure while the ventricle is relaxed
pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic
mean arteriole pressure is the diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure =~
93mmHg
describe bulk flow
, the flow of electrolytes water na+ and glucose through gaps in the capillary walls.
Proteins cant fit
what are the stimulus for renin
low blood volume
low salt
sympathetic stimulation
what are the stimulus for vasopressin
low blood volume(10% loss)
increased salt concentration
describe the capilaries in the brain
the astrocytes in the brain along with the pores in the capillaries dont allow anything but
water into the brain. so the brain uses transporters for the ions it wants to keep
everything under control
small arterioles
large arterioles
small arteries
describe the mechanims that governs flow in these types of artery
small arteries use metabolic vasodilation
large arterioles use myogeni vasodilation
small Arteries are goverened by flow mediated dilation where if the flow is increased the
endothelial cells will secrete vasodilators
describe the neural reflex for heartrate based on Blood pressure
if the blood pressure sensed in the aorta, the receptors will send signals to the medulla,
if the pressure was high the sympathetic goes down and the parasympathetic goes up
which decreases the heart rate. this happens in an opposite way if the blood pressure
goes down
describe the vasopressin path
hormonal control of blood pressure, epinephrine and norepinephrine
a1 receptors in all organ beds respond to Norepinephrine
B2 are in the skeletal muscle and respond to Epinephrine
both of these are vasoconstrictors
the adreanl gland secretes 80% NE
describe the action potential of the cardiac cell(what happens inside the cell not
the graph)
(let this flow from left to right) the left cell has just finished going through the action
potential and it passes it on to the next cell. now the potential travels along the cell
which triggers voltage gated calcium channels to open allowing calcium from outside
the cell into the cell. this calcium binds to the RyR receptor on the SR which releases
the SR's store of calcium. all of this calcium creates a bunch of seperate sparks that
come together to create the signal. Ca binds to troponin on the muscle cell causing
contraction. relaxation occurs when the Ca unbinds with troponin and is pumped back
into the SR through an ATPase, some of the Ca is also pumped back outside the cell
through a Na+Ca+antiporter
describe the muscle twitch of the cardiac cell relative to the refractory period
