America's Courts & the Criminal Justice
System (Ch.1-8) Updated 2024/2025
Exam and Corresponding Answers with
Surety of 100% Pass mark
Criminal Justice System - ✔✔Agencies involved with the implementation of
public policy concerning crime. Mainly, law enforcement agencies, courts, and
corrections.
Felonies - ✔✔Criminal behavior punishable by 1+ year(s) in prison.
Misdemeanor - ✔✔Criminal behavior punishable by less than a year in prison.
Crime Control Model - ✔✔Perspective that repression of crime is the most
important function of the CJ system, focusing on speed and efficiency as
principle measures.
Due Process Model - ✔✔Based on the assumption that an individual is innocent
until proven guilty
CSI Effect - ✔✔Phenomenon where technology has heightened juror
expectations & demands for scientific evidence
Administrative Regulation - ✔✔Rules adopted by administrative agencies that
have the force of law
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,Adversary System - ✔✔Proceeding in which opposing sides have the
opportunity to present their evidence and arguements
Affirmative Defense - ✔✔Defense in which defendant bears burden of
production and/or persuasion to prove that mitigating circumstances, such as
insanity, self-defense, or entrapment, should result in non-guilty verdict
Alibi Defense - ✔✔Defense saying the defendant was elsewhere at the time the
crime was committed
Anglo-American Law - ✔✔American legal system
Attempt - ✔✔An act done with the intent to commit a crime
Attendant Circumstances - ✔✔Conditions surrounding a criminal act (Ex. how
much money was stolen in a theft)
Beyond Reasonable Doubt - ✔✔Proof that leaves jurors firmly convinced of
defendant's guilt in a criminal case
Bill of Rights - ✔✔First 10 Amendments in US Constitution that grants certain
rights and liberties to individuals
Burden of Persuasion - ✔✔Level of evidence necessary to convince judge/jury of
the existence of some fact in dispute.
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©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Burden of Production - ✔✔Introducing enough evidence in support of a fact that
a factual decision needs to be made at a trial/hearing to determine the truth of
such fact.
Civil Law - ✔✔Law governing private parties
Clear and Convincing Evidence - ✔✔Higher level of proof than "Preponderance
of the Evidence" but lesser level than "Beyond Reasonable Doubt"; leaves tier-
of-fact reasonably satisfied with the existence of a fact, but there still may be
some doubt.
Common Law - ✔✔Law developed by judges who make legal decisions in the
absence of written law. It's judge-made, has precedent, and used in multiple
sources.
Competency - ✔✔Mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal
proceedings
Constitution - ✔✔Rules that determine how government officials are selected,
how they operate, and limits to their powers
Contract - ✔✔Legally enforceable agreement between 2 or more parties
Corpus Deliciti - ✔✔Body of crime composed of 2 elements; guilty act and guilty
intent
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©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
System (Ch.1-8) Updated 2024/2025
Exam and Corresponding Answers with
Surety of 100% Pass mark
Criminal Justice System - ✔✔Agencies involved with the implementation of
public policy concerning crime. Mainly, law enforcement agencies, courts, and
corrections.
Felonies - ✔✔Criminal behavior punishable by 1+ year(s) in prison.
Misdemeanor - ✔✔Criminal behavior punishable by less than a year in prison.
Crime Control Model - ✔✔Perspective that repression of crime is the most
important function of the CJ system, focusing on speed and efficiency as
principle measures.
Due Process Model - ✔✔Based on the assumption that an individual is innocent
until proven guilty
CSI Effect - ✔✔Phenomenon where technology has heightened juror
expectations & demands for scientific evidence
Administrative Regulation - ✔✔Rules adopted by administrative agencies that
have the force of law
1|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Adversary System - ✔✔Proceeding in which opposing sides have the
opportunity to present their evidence and arguements
Affirmative Defense - ✔✔Defense in which defendant bears burden of
production and/or persuasion to prove that mitigating circumstances, such as
insanity, self-defense, or entrapment, should result in non-guilty verdict
Alibi Defense - ✔✔Defense saying the defendant was elsewhere at the time the
crime was committed
Anglo-American Law - ✔✔American legal system
Attempt - ✔✔An act done with the intent to commit a crime
Attendant Circumstances - ✔✔Conditions surrounding a criminal act (Ex. how
much money was stolen in a theft)
Beyond Reasonable Doubt - ✔✔Proof that leaves jurors firmly convinced of
defendant's guilt in a criminal case
Bill of Rights - ✔✔First 10 Amendments in US Constitution that grants certain
rights and liberties to individuals
Burden of Persuasion - ✔✔Level of evidence necessary to convince judge/jury of
the existence of some fact in dispute.
2|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Burden of Production - ✔✔Introducing enough evidence in support of a fact that
a factual decision needs to be made at a trial/hearing to determine the truth of
such fact.
Civil Law - ✔✔Law governing private parties
Clear and Convincing Evidence - ✔✔Higher level of proof than "Preponderance
of the Evidence" but lesser level than "Beyond Reasonable Doubt"; leaves tier-
of-fact reasonably satisfied with the existence of a fact, but there still may be
some doubt.
Common Law - ✔✔Law developed by judges who make legal decisions in the
absence of written law. It's judge-made, has precedent, and used in multiple
sources.
Competency - ✔✔Mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal
proceedings
Constitution - ✔✔Rules that determine how government officials are selected,
how they operate, and limits to their powers
Contract - ✔✔Legally enforceable agreement between 2 or more parties
Corpus Deliciti - ✔✔Body of crime composed of 2 elements; guilty act and guilty
intent
3|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
