MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
performance tests for immediate energy system
maximally activate the ATP-PCr energy system to evaluate capacity for immediate
energy transfer
measure brief, maximal exercise capacity (P = F*D/T)
body mass can influence power results (greater power output), even when ATP-PCr
system is not better
examples: stair-sprinting power tests, jumping-power tests, any all-out exercise of 6-8
seconds
physiologic tests for immediate energy system
evaluate energy-generating capacity of ATP-PCr system
measures: size of intramuscular ATP-PCr pool, depletion rates of PCr in all-out short
duration exercise
hypothetically, PCr depletion rates provide most direct estimate and correlate highly
with physical performance of immediate energy system (nearly impossible to readily
obtain precise data)
evaluation of short-term energy system
blood lactate level provides most common indicator of activation
very large individual differences - self-motivation, testing environment, day to day
differences
anaerobic power performance tests
activate short-term energy system required for maximal exercise for up to 3 minutes
age, gender, skill, motivation, and body size influence data
examples: all-out runs, stationary cycling, shuttle runs, repetitive weightlifting
specificity of test is important for accurate measurements
biologic indicators for anaerobic power
blood lactate levels and glycogen depletion
blood lactate levels
good indicator of how hard exercise is
does not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic energy transfer via glycolysis
,why? - with increasing exercise intensity, greater lactate production reflects increasing
ATP resynthesis from anaerobic pathways
sprint training effect on blood lactate levels
a trained individual has greater muscle and blood lactate levels and greater depletion of
muscle glycogen
why? - able to sprint at higher intensity so use up glycogen faster; if being asked to
sprint at same absolute intensity as untrained individual - there would be less lactate
accumulated
glycogen depletion
pattern of glycogen depletion reveals glycogen contribution to exercise
glycogen provides most rapid phosphorylation of ATP and serves as only stored
macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP
intense exercise produces rapid glycogen depletion
individual differences in anaerobic energy-transfer capacity
effects of previous training, muscle fiber type differences (due to genetics), capacity to
buffer acid metabolites, motivation, diet, environment
how training influences lactate threshold
by increasing aerobic capacity, you increase the ability of your muscle to rely on fat for
ATP production
you are sparing glycogen and reduce lactate production
delay muscle fatigue
exercise intensity and vo2
vo2 increases in proportion to increase in energy expenditure
vo2 increases linearly with submaximal exercise
submaximal exercise results in similar vo2 for all individuals - just reach vo2max at
different times
vo2max
no further increase in vo2 despite an increase in exercise intensity
you can still exercise at intensities above vo2max - sprinting (get extra ATP
anaerobically)
measurement of vo2max
graded exercise intensities - low to high exercise
primary index of attaining vo2max
leveling off of vo2 with increasing exercise intensity
secondary indices of vo2max
RER > 1.1, HR within 10% of age predicted HRmax (220-age), lactate accumulation (7-
8 mM)
normalizing vo2max
, vo2max is measured in liters/min, dependent on body weight so it can be expressed
relative to body weight to account for different body weights different people have
(l/kg/min) for accurate comparisons
vo2peak and exercise mode
maximal/peak oxygen consumption can differ depending on the type of exercise used
while testing
activities where you incorporate more muscle mass result in higher vo2peak values;
specific training of muscles involved in a task will also result in a higher vo2peak (bikers
will have a higher vo2peak when biking that non-bikers)
physiological factors influencing vo2max
ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver o2 to muscles
ability of muscles to take up o2 and produce ATP aerobically
calculating vo2 using fick equation
VO2 = Q x aVO2diff
Q = cardiac output = SV x HRmax
best way to look at performance in aerobic endurance
vo2 max = how well body can rely on lipid as fuel
lactate threshold
efficiency and economy of movement
*need to look at all three together
economy of movement
the relationship between o2 consumption and running velocity
measured by o2 consumption during a steady state task (greater economy = less o2
consumption)
variations in submaximal o2 is due to movement economy
greater training experience = greater economy of movement
efficiency of movement
ratio between the mechanical energy produced during exercise and the energy cost of
the exercise
tightly correlated with endurance performance - being more efficient means you are not
working as hard at a task (use less energy)
mechanical efficiency
external work performed/energy expenditure for task x 100
what can affect economy?
biomechanical motion, skill, fatigue (dec economy), muscle fiber composition (dictated
at birth)
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
performance tests for immediate energy system
maximally activate the ATP-PCr energy system to evaluate capacity for immediate
energy transfer
measure brief, maximal exercise capacity (P = F*D/T)
body mass can influence power results (greater power output), even when ATP-PCr
system is not better
examples: stair-sprinting power tests, jumping-power tests, any all-out exercise of 6-8
seconds
physiologic tests for immediate energy system
evaluate energy-generating capacity of ATP-PCr system
measures: size of intramuscular ATP-PCr pool, depletion rates of PCr in all-out short
duration exercise
hypothetically, PCr depletion rates provide most direct estimate and correlate highly
with physical performance of immediate energy system (nearly impossible to readily
obtain precise data)
evaluation of short-term energy system
blood lactate level provides most common indicator of activation
very large individual differences - self-motivation, testing environment, day to day
differences
anaerobic power performance tests
activate short-term energy system required for maximal exercise for up to 3 minutes
age, gender, skill, motivation, and body size influence data
examples: all-out runs, stationary cycling, shuttle runs, repetitive weightlifting
specificity of test is important for accurate measurements
biologic indicators for anaerobic power
blood lactate levels and glycogen depletion
blood lactate levels
good indicator of how hard exercise is
does not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic energy transfer via glycolysis
,why? - with increasing exercise intensity, greater lactate production reflects increasing
ATP resynthesis from anaerobic pathways
sprint training effect on blood lactate levels
a trained individual has greater muscle and blood lactate levels and greater depletion of
muscle glycogen
why? - able to sprint at higher intensity so use up glycogen faster; if being asked to
sprint at same absolute intensity as untrained individual - there would be less lactate
accumulated
glycogen depletion
pattern of glycogen depletion reveals glycogen contribution to exercise
glycogen provides most rapid phosphorylation of ATP and serves as only stored
macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP
intense exercise produces rapid glycogen depletion
individual differences in anaerobic energy-transfer capacity
effects of previous training, muscle fiber type differences (due to genetics), capacity to
buffer acid metabolites, motivation, diet, environment
how training influences lactate threshold
by increasing aerobic capacity, you increase the ability of your muscle to rely on fat for
ATP production
you are sparing glycogen and reduce lactate production
delay muscle fatigue
exercise intensity and vo2
vo2 increases in proportion to increase in energy expenditure
vo2 increases linearly with submaximal exercise
submaximal exercise results in similar vo2 for all individuals - just reach vo2max at
different times
vo2max
no further increase in vo2 despite an increase in exercise intensity
you can still exercise at intensities above vo2max - sprinting (get extra ATP
anaerobically)
measurement of vo2max
graded exercise intensities - low to high exercise
primary index of attaining vo2max
leveling off of vo2 with increasing exercise intensity
secondary indices of vo2max
RER > 1.1, HR within 10% of age predicted HRmax (220-age), lactate accumulation (7-
8 mM)
normalizing vo2max
, vo2max is measured in liters/min, dependent on body weight so it can be expressed
relative to body weight to account for different body weights different people have
(l/kg/min) for accurate comparisons
vo2peak and exercise mode
maximal/peak oxygen consumption can differ depending on the type of exercise used
while testing
activities where you incorporate more muscle mass result in higher vo2peak values;
specific training of muscles involved in a task will also result in a higher vo2peak (bikers
will have a higher vo2peak when biking that non-bikers)
physiological factors influencing vo2max
ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver o2 to muscles
ability of muscles to take up o2 and produce ATP aerobically
calculating vo2 using fick equation
VO2 = Q x aVO2diff
Q = cardiac output = SV x HRmax
best way to look at performance in aerobic endurance
vo2 max = how well body can rely on lipid as fuel
lactate threshold
efficiency and economy of movement
*need to look at all three together
economy of movement
the relationship between o2 consumption and running velocity
measured by o2 consumption during a steady state task (greater economy = less o2
consumption)
variations in submaximal o2 is due to movement economy
greater training experience = greater economy of movement
efficiency of movement
ratio between the mechanical energy produced during exercise and the energy cost of
the exercise
tightly correlated with endurance performance - being more efficient means you are not
working as hard at a task (use less energy)
mechanical efficiency
external work performed/energy expenditure for task x 100
what can affect economy?
biomechanical motion, skill, fatigue (dec economy), muscle fiber composition (dictated
at birth)
