MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Leptin
Produced by adipose tissue and involved in both intake (satiety) and expenditure (e.g.
effects on BMR)
Glands
secrete hormones into blood
Hormones
chemical messengers
Receptor organs
react to chemical messages
Amino acid derivatives
• All derived from amino acid tyrosine
• E, NE, thyroid hormones, melatonin
Peptide hormones
• Largest group
• Includes ADH, oxytocin, hypothalamic, pituitary, pancreatic hormones
Lipid derivatives
• Most derived from cholesterol
• Steroid hormones released by reproductive organs and adrenal cortex
Hormonal Action at the Plasma Membrane
• E, NE, and peptide hormones are not lipid soluble
• Cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane
• Must use a receptor on outside of membrane
• Effect is not direct, they are first messengers that activate second messengers in the
cytoplasm
• Action is linked by G protein, an enzyme complex
Intracellular receptors
-Receptors inside cytoplasm or nucleus
-For thyroid and steroid hormones, lipid soluble
-Lipid soluble hormones can pass through membranes
-Forms hormone-receptor complex
-Activates or inactivates specific genes
-Alters rate of mRNA transcription
-Changes structure or function of cell
Hormone Secretion and Distribution
• Rapidly enter blood and distributed throughout body
• Freely circulating hormones are short-lived and inactivated when:
1. They diffuse to target cells and bind to receptors
2. They are absorbed and broken down in liver and kidney
3. They are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid
Control of Endocrine Activity
,Hormonal secretion under negative feedback control is based on three types of stimuli
Humoral stimuli
Changes in ECF composition
Hormonal stimuli
Changes in circulating hormone levels
Neural stimuli
Neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction
Insulin
- Mediates glucose metabolism
- Affects fat synthesis
- Facilitates protein synthesis
- Stimulates glucose transporters (GLUTs)
Glucagon
- Increases blood glucose
- Increases glycogenolysis in the liver
Cyclic AMP
A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in
metabolic regulation
-Binding of amine-based hormones to receptor sites may activate the enzyme adenylate
cyclase.
-Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the degradation of ATP to cyclic 3'5'adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP).
-Cyclic AMP then acts to activate protein kinases that alter cellular activity. (amplifies
the signal)
If a hormone increases intracellular cAMP (AMP) what enzyme associated with
metabolism would also be activated, and why?
AMPK, potentially a change in ATP/AMP
Mechanism of hormone action
Steroid hormones enter the cell by diffusion. Thyroid hormones are transported across
the cell membrane. Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus or on the
mitochondria. In the nucleus, steroid and thyroid hormone receptor complexes directly
affect gene activity and protein synthesis. Thyroid hormones also increase the rate of
ATP production in the cell
Freely circulating hormones are short-lived and inactivated when:
1. They diffuse to target cells and bind to receptors
2. They are absorbed and broken down in liver and kidney
3. They are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid
Factors that Determine Hormone Levels
-Quantity synthesized -> Can have cyclic rhythm (e.g. diurnal)
-Rate of catabolism
-Rate of secretion into blood
-Quantity of transport proteins present
-Changes in plasma volume
Cyclic pattern cortisol
Peaks around 6-8am. Allows blood glucose to be maintained during an overnight fast.
Helps us wake up in the morning
,Increase glucagon secretion when...
When blood glucose levels are low or decreasing i.e., during exercise!
Increased glucagon secretion- liver
Increase glycogenolysis, decreased glycogen synthesis, increase gluconeogenesis,
increase ketone synthesis, decreased protein breakdown
Increased glucagon secretion- adipose tissue
Increase lipolysis and decrease triacylglycerol synthesis
Glucagon
-Secreted by Islets of Langerhans
-Stimulates glycogenolysis
-Stimulates gluconeogenesis
-Release occurs later in exercise (a function of intensity and duration).
Pre vs post-training response of insulin and glucagon
Pre: Glucagon increases and insulin decreases significantly
Post: Glucagon constant and insulin decreases slightly
Type 1 diabetes
-Typically occurs in younger individuals (auto-immune disease)
-5 - 10% of all cases
-Exercise has greater metabolic effects.
Type 2 diabetes
-Lifestyle related
-Tends to occur after 40
-Can occur even in adolescents
-Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance
-Often produces reduced exercise tolerance
Normal response to blood glucose
The rise in blood glucose after eating stimulates insulin release from beta cells of the
pancreas. Insulin mediates facilitated diffusion into the cell where glucose combines
with a carrier on the plasma membrane of muscle and adipose tissue cells. Any glucose
not immediately catabolized for energy stores as glycogen or synthesizes to fat for later
use
Insulin resistance response to insulin
The pancreas overproduces insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose as occurs
from the rapid ingestion and absorption of some dietary starches and simple sugars.
Excess insulin production maintains blood glucose at the upper level of the normal
range. Thus, the person does not classify as a type 2 diabetic. However, a chronic high
insulin output in response to elevations in blood glucose after eating strongly relates to
the metabolic syndrome of dyslipidemia, hypertension, upper-body obesity, and
increased risk for heart attack and stroke
Type 2 diabetes response to insulin
The pancreas continues to secrete insulin. However, the severity of insulin resistance
exceeds the pancreas' maximum insulin output to regulate blood glucose within the
normal range. This results in the diagnosis or type 2 diabetes
oral glucose tolerance test
performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing
hypoglycemia
, What contraction and insulin sensitive protein in skeletal muscle helps bring in
glucose from the blood to the skeletal muscle cells?
GLUT-4
How does exercise help control type 2 diabetes?
-Lowers blood glucose quickly
-Improves the body's ability to use insulin - contraction mediated hypersensitivity of
muscle cells to insulin.
-Reduces insulin requirement
-Better control of diabetes
-Reduces the risk of heart disease (hyperglycemia and insulin resistance damage cells
and proteins leading to stresses that lead to Inc. CVD risk)
-However - effects are transient and only last about 24-48 hrs thus each dose of
exercise is important!
Can you reverse type 2 diabetes and prediabetes with exercise?
-Maybe - healthy eating, exercise and weight loss help some people slow/reverse the
course
-Exercise is not a cure - but it does increase insulin sensitivity and utilizes glucose
-Early action is critical - each day lost close the window of opportunity to slow the
course
-Lose weight if necessary - obesity is related to insulin resistance - weight loss improves
insulin resistance
-Its complicated - insulin resistance and hyperglycemia cause many down stream
issues in the body (oxidative stress, damages cells, proteins etc -
-HbA1C = glycated (sugared) hemoglobin - better indicator of long term glucose control
HbA1C
glycosylated hemoglobin (measured to test for diabetes)
Acute and chronic effects of exercise on androgens
-Testosterone/DHEA/and other androgens
-Most studies to date have been done in men
-Mixed evidence and differences between endurance and resistance and acute versus
chronic changes
-Acute response (increased by both AET and RT) may be driven by stress response
(cortisol and NE/E) and T may come from kidney or gonads
-Magnitude of T increase is likely related to intensity and volume of RT (6 sets of 10
reps at 80% 1RM with 2 min rest - multi joint - i.e., back squat) - need a metabolic
response NOT a load mediated response.
-Chronic is thought to be due to increase gonadal T production
-Much is left to be determined such as how training status, age, training mode (AET V
RT) timing after exercise and mechanism of increase.
-T impacts metabolism via lean muscle mass maintenance. More T = more lean mass =
better metabolic outcomes = better overall health esp. for males.
Acute and chronic effects of exercise on HPA
-Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) - corticotropin releasing hormone
(CRH)🡪adrenocorticotrophic releasing hormone (ACHT)-->cortisol
-During exercise, the HPA axis responds to numerous stimuli reflecting the regulatory
and integrative functions of the HPA axis: neuronal homeostatic signals
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Leptin
Produced by adipose tissue and involved in both intake (satiety) and expenditure (e.g.
effects on BMR)
Glands
secrete hormones into blood
Hormones
chemical messengers
Receptor organs
react to chemical messages
Amino acid derivatives
• All derived from amino acid tyrosine
• E, NE, thyroid hormones, melatonin
Peptide hormones
• Largest group
• Includes ADH, oxytocin, hypothalamic, pituitary, pancreatic hormones
Lipid derivatives
• Most derived from cholesterol
• Steroid hormones released by reproductive organs and adrenal cortex
Hormonal Action at the Plasma Membrane
• E, NE, and peptide hormones are not lipid soluble
• Cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane
• Must use a receptor on outside of membrane
• Effect is not direct, they are first messengers that activate second messengers in the
cytoplasm
• Action is linked by G protein, an enzyme complex
Intracellular receptors
-Receptors inside cytoplasm or nucleus
-For thyroid and steroid hormones, lipid soluble
-Lipid soluble hormones can pass through membranes
-Forms hormone-receptor complex
-Activates or inactivates specific genes
-Alters rate of mRNA transcription
-Changes structure or function of cell
Hormone Secretion and Distribution
• Rapidly enter blood and distributed throughout body
• Freely circulating hormones are short-lived and inactivated when:
1. They diffuse to target cells and bind to receptors
2. They are absorbed and broken down in liver and kidney
3. They are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid
Control of Endocrine Activity
,Hormonal secretion under negative feedback control is based on three types of stimuli
Humoral stimuli
Changes in ECF composition
Hormonal stimuli
Changes in circulating hormone levels
Neural stimuli
Neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction
Insulin
- Mediates glucose metabolism
- Affects fat synthesis
- Facilitates protein synthesis
- Stimulates glucose transporters (GLUTs)
Glucagon
- Increases blood glucose
- Increases glycogenolysis in the liver
Cyclic AMP
A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in
metabolic regulation
-Binding of amine-based hormones to receptor sites may activate the enzyme adenylate
cyclase.
-Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the degradation of ATP to cyclic 3'5'adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP).
-Cyclic AMP then acts to activate protein kinases that alter cellular activity. (amplifies
the signal)
If a hormone increases intracellular cAMP (AMP) what enzyme associated with
metabolism would also be activated, and why?
AMPK, potentially a change in ATP/AMP
Mechanism of hormone action
Steroid hormones enter the cell by diffusion. Thyroid hormones are transported across
the cell membrane. Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus or on the
mitochondria. In the nucleus, steroid and thyroid hormone receptor complexes directly
affect gene activity and protein synthesis. Thyroid hormones also increase the rate of
ATP production in the cell
Freely circulating hormones are short-lived and inactivated when:
1. They diffuse to target cells and bind to receptors
2. They are absorbed and broken down in liver and kidney
3. They are broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluid
Factors that Determine Hormone Levels
-Quantity synthesized -> Can have cyclic rhythm (e.g. diurnal)
-Rate of catabolism
-Rate of secretion into blood
-Quantity of transport proteins present
-Changes in plasma volume
Cyclic pattern cortisol
Peaks around 6-8am. Allows blood glucose to be maintained during an overnight fast.
Helps us wake up in the morning
,Increase glucagon secretion when...
When blood glucose levels are low or decreasing i.e., during exercise!
Increased glucagon secretion- liver
Increase glycogenolysis, decreased glycogen synthesis, increase gluconeogenesis,
increase ketone synthesis, decreased protein breakdown
Increased glucagon secretion- adipose tissue
Increase lipolysis and decrease triacylglycerol synthesis
Glucagon
-Secreted by Islets of Langerhans
-Stimulates glycogenolysis
-Stimulates gluconeogenesis
-Release occurs later in exercise (a function of intensity and duration).
Pre vs post-training response of insulin and glucagon
Pre: Glucagon increases and insulin decreases significantly
Post: Glucagon constant and insulin decreases slightly
Type 1 diabetes
-Typically occurs in younger individuals (auto-immune disease)
-5 - 10% of all cases
-Exercise has greater metabolic effects.
Type 2 diabetes
-Lifestyle related
-Tends to occur after 40
-Can occur even in adolescents
-Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance
-Often produces reduced exercise tolerance
Normal response to blood glucose
The rise in blood glucose after eating stimulates insulin release from beta cells of the
pancreas. Insulin mediates facilitated diffusion into the cell where glucose combines
with a carrier on the plasma membrane of muscle and adipose tissue cells. Any glucose
not immediately catabolized for energy stores as glycogen or synthesizes to fat for later
use
Insulin resistance response to insulin
The pancreas overproduces insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose as occurs
from the rapid ingestion and absorption of some dietary starches and simple sugars.
Excess insulin production maintains blood glucose at the upper level of the normal
range. Thus, the person does not classify as a type 2 diabetic. However, a chronic high
insulin output in response to elevations in blood glucose after eating strongly relates to
the metabolic syndrome of dyslipidemia, hypertension, upper-body obesity, and
increased risk for heart attack and stroke
Type 2 diabetes response to insulin
The pancreas continues to secrete insulin. However, the severity of insulin resistance
exceeds the pancreas' maximum insulin output to regulate blood glucose within the
normal range. This results in the diagnosis or type 2 diabetes
oral glucose tolerance test
performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing
hypoglycemia
, What contraction and insulin sensitive protein in skeletal muscle helps bring in
glucose from the blood to the skeletal muscle cells?
GLUT-4
How does exercise help control type 2 diabetes?
-Lowers blood glucose quickly
-Improves the body's ability to use insulin - contraction mediated hypersensitivity of
muscle cells to insulin.
-Reduces insulin requirement
-Better control of diabetes
-Reduces the risk of heart disease (hyperglycemia and insulin resistance damage cells
and proteins leading to stresses that lead to Inc. CVD risk)
-However - effects are transient and only last about 24-48 hrs thus each dose of
exercise is important!
Can you reverse type 2 diabetes and prediabetes with exercise?
-Maybe - healthy eating, exercise and weight loss help some people slow/reverse the
course
-Exercise is not a cure - but it does increase insulin sensitivity and utilizes glucose
-Early action is critical - each day lost close the window of opportunity to slow the
course
-Lose weight if necessary - obesity is related to insulin resistance - weight loss improves
insulin resistance
-Its complicated - insulin resistance and hyperglycemia cause many down stream
issues in the body (oxidative stress, damages cells, proteins etc -
-HbA1C = glycated (sugared) hemoglobin - better indicator of long term glucose control
HbA1C
glycosylated hemoglobin (measured to test for diabetes)
Acute and chronic effects of exercise on androgens
-Testosterone/DHEA/and other androgens
-Most studies to date have been done in men
-Mixed evidence and differences between endurance and resistance and acute versus
chronic changes
-Acute response (increased by both AET and RT) may be driven by stress response
(cortisol and NE/E) and T may come from kidney or gonads
-Magnitude of T increase is likely related to intensity and volume of RT (6 sets of 10
reps at 80% 1RM with 2 min rest - multi joint - i.e., back squat) - need a metabolic
response NOT a load mediated response.
-Chronic is thought to be due to increase gonadal T production
-Much is left to be determined such as how training status, age, training mode (AET V
RT) timing after exercise and mechanism of increase.
-T impacts metabolism via lean muscle mass maintenance. More T = more lean mass =
better metabolic outcomes = better overall health esp. for males.
Acute and chronic effects of exercise on HPA
-Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) - corticotropin releasing hormone
(CRH)🡪adrenocorticotrophic releasing hormone (ACHT)-->cortisol
-During exercise, the HPA axis responds to numerous stimuli reflecting the regulatory
and integrative functions of the HPA axis: neuronal homeostatic signals
