MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!

MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!


What do performance tests for the immediate energy system do?
- maximally activate the ATP-PCr energy system
- practical field tests to evaluate the capacity for immediate energy transfer
- get a sense of high energy phosphates and how much is available
- not how quickly ATP or PCr are used
What are the assumptions in the use of performance test scores?
- all ATP at maximal power output regenerates via ATP-PCr hydrolysis
- adequate ATP and PCr exist to support maximal performance for about 6 seconds
duration
What do power tests measure? what are some types?
- brief, maximal exercise capacity
- how much work can get done in a short period of time
- stair spring power tests, jumping power tests
- any all out exercise of 6 to 8 seconds, spring running or cycling, brief shuttle runs,
localized movements produced by arm cranking
What is the equation for power?
P = (FD) / T
What influences power in stair sprinting tests?
- body mass: more useful in individuals of similar body mass or the same individuals
before and after training
What do the immediate energy system tests evaluate?
- energy generating capacity of the system
- size of the intramuscular ATP-PCr pool
- depletion rates of ATP and PCr in all out, short duration exercise -> provide most
direct estimate and correlate highly with physical performance assessments of the
immediate energy system
- impossible to readily obtain precise biochemical data during all out exercise of brief
duration
What is the Wingate test?
- 30 seconds of supermaximal exercise on either an arm crank or leg cycle ergometer
- assumes that peak power output reflects the energy generating capacity of the high
energy phosphates while average power reflects glycolytic capacity
- body mass determines resistance to pedaling
What happens to PCr levels during the wingate test? what becomes an important
factor?
- PCr levels drop rapidly and turn to glycolysis to produce ATP
- lactate becomes important factor (produced in muscle -> blood -> liver, muscle, heart
to keep it from being too high)
- blood lactate does not equal muscle lactate
- blood lactate changes over time due to being picked up

,What provides the most common indicator of activation of the short term energy
system?
blood lactate level
How do you know if a person has attained maximal anaerobic effort?
- self-motivation and testing environment greatly influence performance
- performance test scores show good reproducibility from day to day
What makes it difficult to select a suitable test for anaerobic power?
- influence of age, gender, skill, motivation, and body size
- performance test must closely resemble the activity that requires energy capacity
assessment -> makes sense to type of athlete
Performances that activate the short term energy system require maximal
exercise for up to __________________
3 minutes
What is a biologic indicator for anaerobic power?
blood lactate levels -> but does not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic
energy transfer via glycolysis
Why do blood lactate levels not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic
energy transfer via glycolysis?
lactate is taken up by other places -> could have more lactate in muscle or other tissues
What happens to lactate production with increasing exercise intensity? what
does this reflect?
- increases
- greater production reflects increasing ATP resynthesis from anaerobic pathways
- anaerobic glycolysis and PCr degradation provides abt 70% of total energy yield for 30
seconds of all out exercise with aerobic pathways generating remaining energy
At 2 minutes of short duration tests what percentage are each system active?
- 50/50 aerobic and anaerobic
What is the effect of sprint training compared to an untrained individual?
- greater anaerobic metabolism capacity -> training allows to make more ATP
- higher levels of muscle and blood lactate -> have more muscle fibers to go through
glycolysis and make ATP faster than the untrained person -> perform at higher levels
- greater depletion of muscle glycogen
- max exercise and workload is greater for trained individuals -> produce a lot of ATP
through glycolysis
- muscle glycogen is lower for the trained individual at maximal exercise -> using more
glycogen to produce ATP
Why is glycogen depletion greater for a sprint trained athlete?
- glycolytic contribution to exercise -> glycogen stored in specific muscles activated by
exercise powers the short term energy system
- provides the most rapid phosphorylation of ATP of the three macronutrients and only
stored macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP
- key substance for high intensity exercise
Compare the rate of glycogen depletion for different exercise intensities?
- most intense, intermittent exercise: faster rate of depletion (CHO is main fuel)
- prolonged, light exercise -> slower rate of glycogen depletion

,What are some factors that contribute to differences among individuals in
capacity to generate short term anaerobic energy?
- effects of previous training
- capacity to buffer acid metabolites (sodium bicarbonate) -> can do hard intensity for
longer activity without pain
- motivation
What is VO2?
oxygen uptake per minute volume
What happens to VO2 with increased energy expenditure?
increases in proportion to the increase in energy expenditure
Why does O2 uptake become the same at a certain level of exercise intensity?
- cannot consume more oxygen even when more work is done -> max out in O2
consumption
- indicates the amt of ATP that the aerobic system can produce -> start to count on
anaerobic system
- rapid plateau once system gets up to the ATP needs -> O2 deficit and steady state
VO2 increases _________________ with submaximal exercise intensity
linearly
What is VO2max?
- point where VO2 no longer increases with increasing intensity
- oxygen consumption maximum
- no further increase in VO2 despite an increase in exercise intensity
- maximal ability to make ATP aerobically
- index of aerobic fitnes
Is it easy to reach VO2max?
no -> need motivation
Can you exercise at intensities above VO2 max? why?
yes -> extra ATP comes from anaerobic processes
What happens to RER as exercise intensity increases? how does this reflect fuel
use?
- should increase -> more CHO being used
- VCO2 / VO2
- greater CHO use
What happens to respiratory rate and volume (tidal volume) as exercise intensity
increases?
both increase
What are ways to measure VO2max?
- graded exercise intensities (low to high)
- prompts aerobic system to give more and more until it can't
What is the primary index of attaining VO2max?
leveling off of VO2 with increasing exercise intensity
What are secondary indices of VO2max? when are they used? why might they not
be accurate?
- when you can't hit the plateau
- RER > 1.1 -> blood buffering system, breathe very rapidly, so RER values do not
always reflect fuel use (some CO2 released in breath that does not represent what is

, produced from metabolic reactions)
- HR within 10% of age predicted HRmax (220-age)
- lactate accumulation (7-8 mm when normal is 1 mm) -> indicates max effort and
increased anaerobic system
What is VO2max measured in? what is this missing?
- liters/min
- but VO2max depends on body weight (lean mass)
- low BW -> lower VO2max
- VO2max is often expressed relative to body weight to account for different sized
people
- can have a lower VO2max because of body weight but be highly trained
What happens to relative and absolute VO2max when body weight goes down?
what if there is a decrease in lean tissue?
- absolute stays the same
- relative VO2 is higher
- lean tissue: relative VO2max is still higher but there is a decrease in absolute
Compare the aboslute and relative VO2maxes between an offensive lineman
(more body fat and lean mass) and a cross country runner?
- offensive lineman has a higher absolute -> difference in lean mass
- runner has a higher relative -> overall mass is different
How does VO2max change with different exercises? give an example of this?
- can differ depending on the type of exercise used
- activities in which you incorporate more muscle mass will result in higher VO2max
values
- specific training of muscles involved in the task will result in a higher VO2max
- kayakers will have a higher VO2max while kayaking than non kayakers
- more muscle -> extract more oxygen
What is VO2peak?
highest measured VO2 without hitting the plateau
Do measures of VO2 predict the best atheltes?
no not at the elite level
What are the big three factors for looking at performance for aerobic endurance?
- aerobic engine (VO2max)
- lactate threshold
- efficiency and economy of movement
Why does VO2max not predict the best endurance athletes?
- many factors
- efficiency and economy
- how much speed or power can be generated for that level of oxygen consumption
- oxygen cost of endurance running at a given speed can vary among individuals (30-
40%)
- cycling: oxygen cost and gross mechanical efficiency varies from one person to
another (less than running: 20-30%)
What is economy of movement? how is it determined?
- the relationship between oxygen consumption and running velocity
- determined by measuring the oxygen consumption of a steady state task