MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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Contrast the major structural classes of hormones, and explain the general
mechanisms of hormonal action on target organs
-Amino acid derivatives: derived from tyrosine
-Peptide hormones: composed of chains of amino acids
-Lipid derivatives
-->Include steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
-peptide/amine hormones are not lipid soluble and cannot diffuse through the plasma
membrane
They must use a receptor on the outside of the membrane that activate signaling
cascades
-Lipid soluble hormones can pass through membranes and form a hormone receptor
complex that causes changes within the cell
Describe the 3 types of stimuli that can lead to hormonal secretion
1. Humoral stimuli: changes in extracellular fluid composition
2.Hormonal stimuli: changes in circulating hormone levels
3.Neural stimuli: neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction
Describe the control of insulin and glucagon secretion
Insulin: secreted by pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels, stimulates
glucose uptake into cells
Glucagon: secreted by pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels, increases
glycogenolysis in the liver
Summarize the basic pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: autoimmune disease wherein body does not release or releases low
levels of insulin, beta cells attacked by one's own antibodies
Type 2 diabetes: lifestyle related, body secretes insulin but no reaction because of
insulin resistance
Explain the integrated mechanisms through which exercise training can improve
glucose homeostasis in individuals with insulin resistance
-Increased blood flow helps deliver glucose to tissues
-After training muscle has increased capillary density and other biomechanical changes
that help increase glucose uptake
-Muscle contraction helps increase glucose uptake
-Lowers blood glucose quicker due to exercise demands
Describe the impact of exercise on testosterone, estrogen, GH/IGF-1
Testosterone
-Magnitude of hormone increases with intensity, volume, and duration of resistance
training
-Acute response related to stress response
-Chronic response due to gonadal testosterone production
, Estrogen
-No clear answer yet
-Some studies shown an increase, but others show no difference or a decline
GH/IGF-1
-GH secreted in response to exercise, metabolized in the liver where it's converted to
IGF-1
-IGF-1: anabolic hormone, causes muscle and bone to grow in males and females
-Increased response based on volume of training
Review general concepts about muscle structure and muscle contraction
processes (excitation contraction coupling, motor units)
Sarcomeres have 2 major proteins:
-Actin: moves
-Myosin
Excitation contraction coupling: the steps:
1.Action potential fires to motor neuron
2. Acetylcholine is released from an axon terminal at a neuromuscular junction
3. Acetylcholine is bound by receptors on the sarcolemma, leading to depolarization
4. Depolarization leads to calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Calcium binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, releasing actin
6.Actin and myosin combine, use ATP, and cross bridge cycling occurs
7.A second ATP molecule binds which releases actin and the muscle shortens
8. When stimulation creases, calcium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum which
causes relaxation
Outline the distribution patterns of muscle fiber types among diverse groups of
elite athletes
-In normal populations distribution is usually 50/50
-Endurance athletes possess predominantly slow-twitch fibers
-Fast twitch fibers predominate for elite sprint athletes
-Performance success is dependent not only on muscle fiber composition, but ona
blend of many factors
Understand differences between different muscle fiber types (and different motor
unit "types")
Motor unit = muscle fibers + neuron that innervates it
-Low ratio: delicate, fine movements (Ex. eye)
-High ratio: a few nerves innervating lots of fibers gross movements (Ex. quadriceps)
Motor unit functional characteristics:
Twitch characteristics: time it takes for nerve to reach max tension
-->Type 1: slow twitch, low force, fatigue resistant
-->Type 2a: fast twitch, moderate force, fatigue resistant
-->Type 2b: fast twitch, high force, fatiguing
Tension characteristics:
100% CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Contrast the major structural classes of hormones, and explain the general
mechanisms of hormonal action on target organs
-Amino acid derivatives: derived from tyrosine
-Peptide hormones: composed of chains of amino acids
-Lipid derivatives
-->Include steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
-peptide/amine hormones are not lipid soluble and cannot diffuse through the plasma
membrane
They must use a receptor on the outside of the membrane that activate signaling
cascades
-Lipid soluble hormones can pass through membranes and form a hormone receptor
complex that causes changes within the cell
Describe the 3 types of stimuli that can lead to hormonal secretion
1. Humoral stimuli: changes in extracellular fluid composition
2.Hormonal stimuli: changes in circulating hormone levels
3.Neural stimuli: neural stimulation of a neuroglandular junction
Describe the control of insulin and glucagon secretion
Insulin: secreted by pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels, stimulates
glucose uptake into cells
Glucagon: secreted by pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels, increases
glycogenolysis in the liver
Summarize the basic pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: autoimmune disease wherein body does not release or releases low
levels of insulin, beta cells attacked by one's own antibodies
Type 2 diabetes: lifestyle related, body secretes insulin but no reaction because of
insulin resistance
Explain the integrated mechanisms through which exercise training can improve
glucose homeostasis in individuals with insulin resistance
-Increased blood flow helps deliver glucose to tissues
-After training muscle has increased capillary density and other biomechanical changes
that help increase glucose uptake
-Muscle contraction helps increase glucose uptake
-Lowers blood glucose quicker due to exercise demands
Describe the impact of exercise on testosterone, estrogen, GH/IGF-1
Testosterone
-Magnitude of hormone increases with intensity, volume, and duration of resistance
training
-Acute response related to stress response
-Chronic response due to gonadal testosterone production
, Estrogen
-No clear answer yet
-Some studies shown an increase, but others show no difference or a decline
GH/IGF-1
-GH secreted in response to exercise, metabolized in the liver where it's converted to
IGF-1
-IGF-1: anabolic hormone, causes muscle and bone to grow in males and females
-Increased response based on volume of training
Review general concepts about muscle structure and muscle contraction
processes (excitation contraction coupling, motor units)
Sarcomeres have 2 major proteins:
-Actin: moves
-Myosin
Excitation contraction coupling: the steps:
1.Action potential fires to motor neuron
2. Acetylcholine is released from an axon terminal at a neuromuscular junction
3. Acetylcholine is bound by receptors on the sarcolemma, leading to depolarization
4. Depolarization leads to calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Calcium binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, releasing actin
6.Actin and myosin combine, use ATP, and cross bridge cycling occurs
7.A second ATP molecule binds which releases actin and the muscle shortens
8. When stimulation creases, calcium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum which
causes relaxation
Outline the distribution patterns of muscle fiber types among diverse groups of
elite athletes
-In normal populations distribution is usually 50/50
-Endurance athletes possess predominantly slow-twitch fibers
-Fast twitch fibers predominate for elite sprint athletes
-Performance success is dependent not only on muscle fiber composition, but ona
blend of many factors
Understand differences between different muscle fiber types (and different motor
unit "types")
Motor unit = muscle fibers + neuron that innervates it
-Low ratio: delicate, fine movements (Ex. eye)
-High ratio: a few nerves innervating lots of fibers gross movements (Ex. quadriceps)
Motor unit functional characteristics:
Twitch characteristics: time it takes for nerve to reach max tension
-->Type 1: slow twitch, low force, fatigue resistant
-->Type 2a: fast twitch, moderate force, fatigue resistant
-->Type 2b: fast twitch, high force, fatiguing
Tension characteristics:
