MOVESCI 340 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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what substrate does skeletal muscle prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids
during exercise-- glucose/glycogen & fatty acids depending on intensity/duration
what substrate does the brain prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- blood glucose (lactate/ketone bodies); need 120 g CHO/day
during exercise-- blood glucose (lactate/ketone bodies)
what substrate do RBCs prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- blood glucose (no mitochondria)
during exercise-- blood glucose (no mitochondria)
what substrate does the liver prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids
during exercise-- fatty acids, glucose, & amino acids (depends on situation)
what substrate does the heart prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids, glucose (depends on timing of last meal)
during exercise-- fatty acids, glucose, & lactate (intensity dependent)
what is the equivalent of 1 MET?
3.5 ml O2/kg/min
1 L of oxygen consumed is how many kcal?
5 kcal
indirect calorimetry measures what? what does it assume?
measures: % O2 expired, % CO2 expired, volume expired (L/min)
assumes: % O2 inspired (20.93%), % CO2 inspired (0.03%)
carb distribution in the body (well-nourished 80 kg male)
- plasma glucose ~4 g
- liver glycogen ~100 g
- muscle glycogen ~400 g
- total CHO stores ~500 g
fat distribution in the body (well-nourished 80 kg male)
- adipose tissue- 12,000 g
- IMTG- 300 g
- plasma FA- 0.4 g
- plasma TG- 4 g
total= 12,304 g
what are ketones?
carbon-containing molecules that can be transformed into ATP producing substrates
- used when glucose stores are depleted & blood sugar is low (prolonged
exercise/fasted state)
- can fuel CNS when blood glucose is low (bc fatty acids can't pass BBB, but ketones
are produced from fats & can)
equation for substrate oxidation
, substrate + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
can RER reach levels greater than 1.0?
yes-- during high-intensity exercise due to increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis &
production of excess CO₂ from lactic acid buffering
factors that make up TDEE (largest to smallest)
- RMR: 60-75%
- PA: 15-30%
- NEAT: 10-15%
- TEF/DIT: 10%
which hormones are prominent in the fasted state? in fed state?
- fasted: glucagon, epi
- fed: insulin
what role does the liver play during the fed state?
the liver stores glycogen (glycogen synthesis) promoted by insulin
- helps reduce blood glucose levels by converting glucose to glycogen for storage
how does the liver respond during the fasted state or exercise?
liver produces glucose (decrease in insulin, then a decrease in blood glucose, therefore
alpha cells secrete glucagon) through glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, promoted by
epinephrine & glucagon
- help maintain blood glucose levels
which hormone plays a significant role in the liver's glucose production during
fasting?
glucagon-- stimulates glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis in liver, promoting glucose
release into bloodstream
what process contributes the most to glucose production in the liver?
during prolonged fasting/intense exercise, gluconeogenesis becomes the dominant
process
what is the significance of glucose-6-phosphate in liver metabolism?
G6P is a key intermediate in both glycogen synthesis (converted into glycogen for
storage) & glycogenolysis (broken into glucose)
effect of exercise intensity on fuel selection
- light= mostly fat (plasma fatty acids)
- moderate= 50/50
- intense= mostly carbs (muscle glycogen)
effect of exercise duration on substrate utilization
longer duration= lipids predominate (especially once liver & muscle glycogen stores are
depleted)
- once CHO is diminished, intensity is reduces
carb fuel sources
blood glucose (from liver) & muscle glycogen (quick fuel)
fat fuel sources
plasma fatty acids (from adipose tissue) & IMTGs (skeletal muscle)
what is glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
what is glycogenesis
glycogen synthesis (glucose -> glycogen)
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what substrate does skeletal muscle prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids
during exercise-- glucose/glycogen & fatty acids depending on intensity/duration
what substrate does the brain prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- blood glucose (lactate/ketone bodies); need 120 g CHO/day
during exercise-- blood glucose (lactate/ketone bodies)
what substrate do RBCs prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- blood glucose (no mitochondria)
during exercise-- blood glucose (no mitochondria)
what substrate does the liver prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids
during exercise-- fatty acids, glucose, & amino acids (depends on situation)
what substrate does the heart prefer at rest? during exercise?
at rest-- fatty acids, glucose (depends on timing of last meal)
during exercise-- fatty acids, glucose, & lactate (intensity dependent)
what is the equivalent of 1 MET?
3.5 ml O2/kg/min
1 L of oxygen consumed is how many kcal?
5 kcal
indirect calorimetry measures what? what does it assume?
measures: % O2 expired, % CO2 expired, volume expired (L/min)
assumes: % O2 inspired (20.93%), % CO2 inspired (0.03%)
carb distribution in the body (well-nourished 80 kg male)
- plasma glucose ~4 g
- liver glycogen ~100 g
- muscle glycogen ~400 g
- total CHO stores ~500 g
fat distribution in the body (well-nourished 80 kg male)
- adipose tissue- 12,000 g
- IMTG- 300 g
- plasma FA- 0.4 g
- plasma TG- 4 g
total= 12,304 g
what are ketones?
carbon-containing molecules that can be transformed into ATP producing substrates
- used when glucose stores are depleted & blood sugar is low (prolonged
exercise/fasted state)
- can fuel CNS when blood glucose is low (bc fatty acids can't pass BBB, but ketones
are produced from fats & can)
equation for substrate oxidation
, substrate + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
can RER reach levels greater than 1.0?
yes-- during high-intensity exercise due to increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis &
production of excess CO₂ from lactic acid buffering
factors that make up TDEE (largest to smallest)
- RMR: 60-75%
- PA: 15-30%
- NEAT: 10-15%
- TEF/DIT: 10%
which hormones are prominent in the fasted state? in fed state?
- fasted: glucagon, epi
- fed: insulin
what role does the liver play during the fed state?
the liver stores glycogen (glycogen synthesis) promoted by insulin
- helps reduce blood glucose levels by converting glucose to glycogen for storage
how does the liver respond during the fasted state or exercise?
liver produces glucose (decrease in insulin, then a decrease in blood glucose, therefore
alpha cells secrete glucagon) through glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, promoted by
epinephrine & glucagon
- help maintain blood glucose levels
which hormone plays a significant role in the liver's glucose production during
fasting?
glucagon-- stimulates glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis in liver, promoting glucose
release into bloodstream
what process contributes the most to glucose production in the liver?
during prolonged fasting/intense exercise, gluconeogenesis becomes the dominant
process
what is the significance of glucose-6-phosphate in liver metabolism?
G6P is a key intermediate in both glycogen synthesis (converted into glycogen for
storage) & glycogenolysis (broken into glucose)
effect of exercise intensity on fuel selection
- light= mostly fat (plasma fatty acids)
- moderate= 50/50
- intense= mostly carbs (muscle glycogen)
effect of exercise duration on substrate utilization
longer duration= lipids predominate (especially once liver & muscle glycogen stores are
depleted)
- once CHO is diminished, intensity is reduces
carb fuel sources
blood glucose (from liver) & muscle glycogen (quick fuel)
fat fuel sources
plasma fatty acids (from adipose tissue) & IMTGs (skeletal muscle)
what is glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
what is glycogenesis
glycogen synthesis (glucose -> glycogen)
