BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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innate defenses
defenses that you're born with and are the same for every human being; can be either
surface or internal
surface innate defenses include
the skin and musosae
mucosa
the innermost layer of the intestine, epithelial, a barrier between bacteria and the rest of
the body
internal innate defenses include
phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation
immunology is split into ___ systems:
2; innate, adaptive
adaptive defenses include
humoral immunity (b cell) and cellular immunity (t cell)
how does the integument act as an innate defense?
(1) the fact that its multilayered makes it more difficult for bad things to get through (2)
the stratum spinosum secretes keratin to stop bacterial enzymes and toxins
how do epithelial membranes act as innate defenses?
(1) acidic secretions & stomach's acidic mucosa keep the pH low enough that most
bacteria won't thrive (2) saliva contains lysozymes to kill bacteria (3) mucus in the
respiratory tract traps inhaled bacteria from progressing (4) mucus in the digestive tract
retards bacteria's burrowing into the walls
how does phagocytosis work, exactly?
the phagocytic organelle engulfs the target substance and forms a phospholipid
membrane (vesible) around it to isolate it; the membranes of the vesible and lysozome
bind together to let the lysozome contact the target without exposing the rest of the cell;
the lysozome digests it and then fuses with the membrane for exocytosis, where the
antigens (end products) are presented to other cells for complete disposal
natural killer cells
lymphocytes (5-10%) that are non-specific sugars, trying to kill anything whose surface
doesn't have recognizable proteins
how do natural killer cells work?
when they detect a foreign cell, they attack the cell's membrane releasing perforins,
making holes in the membrane; ECF enters, causes it to burst; also causes nucleus to
disintegrate if there is a nucleus
signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, impairment of function (immobilization)
the inflammatory process
receptors on the cell surface release chemicals (histamine, kinins) to begin the process,
which causes small blood vessels to dilate (redness & heat from more blood to the
area) and capillaries to increase permeability, which leads to edema (fluid leaks out via
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
innate defenses
defenses that you're born with and are the same for every human being; can be either
surface or internal
surface innate defenses include
the skin and musosae
mucosa
the innermost layer of the intestine, epithelial, a barrier between bacteria and the rest of
the body
internal innate defenses include
phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation
immunology is split into ___ systems:
2; innate, adaptive
adaptive defenses include
humoral immunity (b cell) and cellular immunity (t cell)
how does the integument act as an innate defense?
(1) the fact that its multilayered makes it more difficult for bad things to get through (2)
the stratum spinosum secretes keratin to stop bacterial enzymes and toxins
how do epithelial membranes act as innate defenses?
(1) acidic secretions & stomach's acidic mucosa keep the pH low enough that most
bacteria won't thrive (2) saliva contains lysozymes to kill bacteria (3) mucus in the
respiratory tract traps inhaled bacteria from progressing (4) mucus in the digestive tract
retards bacteria's burrowing into the walls
how does phagocytosis work, exactly?
the phagocytic organelle engulfs the target substance and forms a phospholipid
membrane (vesible) around it to isolate it; the membranes of the vesible and lysozome
bind together to let the lysozome contact the target without exposing the rest of the cell;
the lysozome digests it and then fuses with the membrane for exocytosis, where the
antigens (end products) are presented to other cells for complete disposal
natural killer cells
lymphocytes (5-10%) that are non-specific sugars, trying to kill anything whose surface
doesn't have recognizable proteins
how do natural killer cells work?
when they detect a foreign cell, they attack the cell's membrane releasing perforins,
making holes in the membrane; ECF enters, causes it to burst; also causes nucleus to
disintegrate if there is a nucleus
signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, impairment of function (immobilization)
the inflammatory process
receptors on the cell surface release chemicals (histamine, kinins) to begin the process,
which causes small blood vessels to dilate (redness & heat from more blood to the
area) and capillaries to increase permeability, which leads to edema (fluid leaks out via
