BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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Understand what homeostasis is especially the full definition (shown as bullets in
the lecture) as described by Claude Bernard.
1. All organs interact with each other. vessels connect and are used for transportation of
hormones
2. Small internal fluxuations inside the body, outside has large fluctuations
3. When directing organs he saw there were cells and that there was fluid inside and
outside. Inside fluid is cytosol and the fluid between the blood vessels and cells is
interstitium.
4. 290 mOsm is the concentration of a cell, blood vessel and anything in the body.
Everything is at equilibrium. Can fluctuate + or - 5.
Know the definition of osmosis and understand which way water moves across a
cell membrane when given different concentration values on either side of the
cell.
290 mOsm is the concentration of a cell, blood vessel and anything in the body.
Everything is at equilibrium. Can fluctuate + or - 5.
EXAMPLE: When you exercise and don't hydrate, blood volume goes down but
concentration goes up because water is being lost. Water goes into the blood vessel
through osmosis (diffusion of water from where water is high concentration to low
concentration) so that body can go back to being at equilibrium
**higher number means there is less water, so water moves to where the higher number
is to try to dilute it and bring it back to equilibrium. It always occurs within narrow limits
(key component of homeostasis)
Know what is meant by feedback mechanisms and understand how both negative
and positive feedback mechanisms operate. Which feedback mechanism is more
common and why?
Most common: negative feedback, 99% of your body works this way.
Human body is never proactive, is always reactive. Reacts to stimuli. Stimulus is a
disturbance, causing the body to react. Sensor detects the disturbance. Does not
amplify the problem, does the opposite - invert amplifier - bringing it down to a point.
Working against the disturbance,
Set point adjustment: body adjusts to a new set point if the body is continuing to be
disturbed so doesn't bring it back to 290 right away.
Positive feedback; only things that work this way is the GI tract and sometimes in
reproductive situations. It is rare because it is mostly destructive. Body doesn't see the
disturbance as being a bad thing. No error signal - so now disturbance is amplified
instead of being brought back to equilibrium.
, Stimulus response mechanism: positive and negative feedback. Stimulus is always
necessary for it to start, and what senses the stimulus is a receptor.
Come up with examples of both types of feedback mechanisms.
Ex. Negative Feedback: Exercising - body temp goes up from 37 to 37.4 - this is the
new set point - body sweats to cool body down but brings it down to new set point. You
can't prevent the disturbance, but you can restore stability so body can still function
properly.
Ex. Positive feedback: Congestive heart failure - condition where it impedes the ability
of the heart to pump blood through the body. Blood pressure decreases because heart
beats slower, blood flow goes down which is effecting everything else and is
decreasing. Body reacts by trying to make heart work harder which makes the bad
situation worse.
Congestion = no flow = decreases flow
Understand how the nervous system in humans is arranged and the differences
between the somatic and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Somatic: voluntary - skeletal muscle. the movements you control
Autonomic: involuntary - smooth and cardiac muscle. this is movements and body
functions that you don't control. **up-regulated and down-regulated
What types of neurons are found in the ANS?
cholengeric: (AcH) nicotinic and muscarinic
adrengeric: (norepinephrine) alpha and beta
Know what neurotransmitters are found in what nervous system.
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine and AcH
Parasympathetic: AcH
What is a ganglion?
a collection of cell bodies
How many ways does the sympathetic nervous system operate?
two ways:
neuron to neuron
neuron to hormone
What target organs are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle
Describe how the ANS neurons are anatomically arranged.
1. Somatic neurons don't have a ganglion
2. Sympathetic neurons have a short pre-ganglionic neuron with a ganglion and then a
long post-ganglionic neuron.
3. Sympathetic neurons also have a short pre-ganglionic neuron and then attached to
the adrenal medulla which releases hormones into the blood stream
3. Parasympathetic neurons have a long pre-ganglionic neuron and a ganglion and then
a short post-ganglionic neuron.
What are some physiological effects to organs of stimulating either the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Heart: Sympathetic increase
Gut: Parasympathetic increase
Salivary glands: Parasympathetic increase
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Understand what homeostasis is especially the full definition (shown as bullets in
the lecture) as described by Claude Bernard.
1. All organs interact with each other. vessels connect and are used for transportation of
hormones
2. Small internal fluxuations inside the body, outside has large fluctuations
3. When directing organs he saw there were cells and that there was fluid inside and
outside. Inside fluid is cytosol and the fluid between the blood vessels and cells is
interstitium.
4. 290 mOsm is the concentration of a cell, blood vessel and anything in the body.
Everything is at equilibrium. Can fluctuate + or - 5.
Know the definition of osmosis and understand which way water moves across a
cell membrane when given different concentration values on either side of the
cell.
290 mOsm is the concentration of a cell, blood vessel and anything in the body.
Everything is at equilibrium. Can fluctuate + or - 5.
EXAMPLE: When you exercise and don't hydrate, blood volume goes down but
concentration goes up because water is being lost. Water goes into the blood vessel
through osmosis (diffusion of water from where water is high concentration to low
concentration) so that body can go back to being at equilibrium
**higher number means there is less water, so water moves to where the higher number
is to try to dilute it and bring it back to equilibrium. It always occurs within narrow limits
(key component of homeostasis)
Know what is meant by feedback mechanisms and understand how both negative
and positive feedback mechanisms operate. Which feedback mechanism is more
common and why?
Most common: negative feedback, 99% of your body works this way.
Human body is never proactive, is always reactive. Reacts to stimuli. Stimulus is a
disturbance, causing the body to react. Sensor detects the disturbance. Does not
amplify the problem, does the opposite - invert amplifier - bringing it down to a point.
Working against the disturbance,
Set point adjustment: body adjusts to a new set point if the body is continuing to be
disturbed so doesn't bring it back to 290 right away.
Positive feedback; only things that work this way is the GI tract and sometimes in
reproductive situations. It is rare because it is mostly destructive. Body doesn't see the
disturbance as being a bad thing. No error signal - so now disturbance is amplified
instead of being brought back to equilibrium.
, Stimulus response mechanism: positive and negative feedback. Stimulus is always
necessary for it to start, and what senses the stimulus is a receptor.
Come up with examples of both types of feedback mechanisms.
Ex. Negative Feedback: Exercising - body temp goes up from 37 to 37.4 - this is the
new set point - body sweats to cool body down but brings it down to new set point. You
can't prevent the disturbance, but you can restore stability so body can still function
properly.
Ex. Positive feedback: Congestive heart failure - condition where it impedes the ability
of the heart to pump blood through the body. Blood pressure decreases because heart
beats slower, blood flow goes down which is effecting everything else and is
decreasing. Body reacts by trying to make heart work harder which makes the bad
situation worse.
Congestion = no flow = decreases flow
Understand how the nervous system in humans is arranged and the differences
between the somatic and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Somatic: voluntary - skeletal muscle. the movements you control
Autonomic: involuntary - smooth and cardiac muscle. this is movements and body
functions that you don't control. **up-regulated and down-regulated
What types of neurons are found in the ANS?
cholengeric: (AcH) nicotinic and muscarinic
adrengeric: (norepinephrine) alpha and beta
Know what neurotransmitters are found in what nervous system.
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine and AcH
Parasympathetic: AcH
What is a ganglion?
a collection of cell bodies
How many ways does the sympathetic nervous system operate?
two ways:
neuron to neuron
neuron to hormone
What target organs are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle
Describe how the ANS neurons are anatomically arranged.
1. Somatic neurons don't have a ganglion
2. Sympathetic neurons have a short pre-ganglionic neuron with a ganglion and then a
long post-ganglionic neuron.
3. Sympathetic neurons also have a short pre-ganglionic neuron and then attached to
the adrenal medulla which releases hormones into the blood stream
3. Parasympathetic neurons have a long pre-ganglionic neuron and a ganglion and then
a short post-ganglionic neuron.
What are some physiological effects to organs of stimulating either the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Heart: Sympathetic increase
Gut: Parasympathetic increase
Salivary glands: Parasympathetic increase
