BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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sperm are....
highly motile
what are the organs that have to do with the digestive tract?
parotid gland (salivary gland), submandibular gland, mouth, sublingual gland, pharynx,
esophagus, liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, cecum, appendix,
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
what makes up the small intestine (in order)?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what are the functions of the digestive tract?
1. ingestion (mouth) 2. motility 3. digestion 4 secretion 5. absorption 6. elimination of
wastes
what are the different kinds of motility? describe.
slow waves: maintain muscle tone
propulsive movement: unidirectional (in the esophagus and intestines) peristalsis
mixture movement: bidirectional (in the stomach and the intestines.)
What are the different kinds of digestion? describe.
1. Mechanical- mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (segmentation)
2. Chemical- passage across plasma membranes. Carbohydrates: tri-, disaccharides, to
mono-
proteins: into amino acids
fats: monoglycerides and fatty acids
where do you need to secrete substances into?
the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine
where in the body does most absorption happen?
80% in the duodenum and then the rest in the small and large intestine
need to know small intestine anatomy
where does absorption happen?
in the intestinal villi and microvilli in the small intestine
what is only absorbed in the stomach
alcohol
what is the purpose of accessory glands?
to aid in digestion
what are the different accessory glands and what are their functions?
-Salivary gland: moisten, lubricate, breakdown saccharides
-Pancreas: enzymes secreted into the duodenum neutralizes stomach
-Live: breakdown fats, neutralizes stomach acid
-Gallbladder: store bile made by the liver
what is mastication?
chewing
describe mastication.
-teeth
-grind and breakdown food (physical breakdown)
, - stimulate saliva production (chemically breakdown food)
-mix food with saliva (chemically break down food)
what are the types of teeth, describe them and what they do
-teeth incisors and canines use 55 lbs of pressure and are for cutting and tearing and
premolars and molars and use 200 lb of force and are used for grinding
wha is deglutition?
swallowing
what is the process of deglutition?
1) Buccal: the upper esophageal sphincter is contracted, the uvula is down the epiglottis
is open and the bolus of food is in the mouth
2) pharyngeal phase- the upper esophageal sphincter is relaxed, the uvula is moved up,
the epiglottis is down closing off the trachea, and the bolus of food has moved into the
pharynx
3) esophageal phase: the upper esophageal sphincter is closed, the uvula is down, the
epiglottis moves up and the bolus is no down in the esophagus
describe the esophagus and the purpose of the two structures.
upper sphincter- is the stimulus for when you can start to breath again it ensures the
breathing commences
lower sphincter- makes sure the you dont get back flow from the stomach; it prevents
acid reflux.
how long does food passage in the esophagus take?
10 seconds
What are the motor functions of the stomach?
1) receptive relaxation- when the stomach receives food from a meal, as the food
moved down the smooth muscle relaxes
-food storage (1.5 L)
2) Gastric peristalsis- motility starts to increase
- slow emptying- you don't want a fast emptying/empty all at once because you have to
secrete substances to breakdown and slowly absorb nutrients.
describe regulation of gastric motility
1) events in the stomach a) volume and chyme b) smooth muscle excitability
-presence of protein: gastrin releases from the antral mucosa ( this hormone is special
because the stomach releases this and then it targets the stomach to begin digestion
2) events in the duodenum: a) distention of the duodenum b) acidity of duodenal chyme
(a and b both down regulate the stomach) c. presence of protein, sugars, and fats
cause hormones to be released from duodenal mucosa ( gastric inhibitory peptide GIP,
and secretin)
what is the motility of the small intestine?
mixing and propulsive contractions combined (segmentation)
describe the small intestine motility control.
1. neural: slow waves the ANS is always sending slow waves
2. hormonal: upregulation associated with gastrin (stomach) CCK, secretin, insulin
downregulation associated with glucagon (released when you dont have enough
glucose low levels of glucose=high levels of motility)
what is the function and operation of the ileocecal junction?
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
sperm are....
highly motile
what are the organs that have to do with the digestive tract?
parotid gland (salivary gland), submandibular gland, mouth, sublingual gland, pharynx,
esophagus, liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, cecum, appendix,
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
what makes up the small intestine (in order)?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what are the functions of the digestive tract?
1. ingestion (mouth) 2. motility 3. digestion 4 secretion 5. absorption 6. elimination of
wastes
what are the different kinds of motility? describe.
slow waves: maintain muscle tone
propulsive movement: unidirectional (in the esophagus and intestines) peristalsis
mixture movement: bidirectional (in the stomach and the intestines.)
What are the different kinds of digestion? describe.
1. Mechanical- mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (segmentation)
2. Chemical- passage across plasma membranes. Carbohydrates: tri-, disaccharides, to
mono-
proteins: into amino acids
fats: monoglycerides and fatty acids
where do you need to secrete substances into?
the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine
where in the body does most absorption happen?
80% in the duodenum and then the rest in the small and large intestine
need to know small intestine anatomy
where does absorption happen?
in the intestinal villi and microvilli in the small intestine
what is only absorbed in the stomach
alcohol
what is the purpose of accessory glands?
to aid in digestion
what are the different accessory glands and what are their functions?
-Salivary gland: moisten, lubricate, breakdown saccharides
-Pancreas: enzymes secreted into the duodenum neutralizes stomach
-Live: breakdown fats, neutralizes stomach acid
-Gallbladder: store bile made by the liver
what is mastication?
chewing
describe mastication.
-teeth
-grind and breakdown food (physical breakdown)
, - stimulate saliva production (chemically breakdown food)
-mix food with saliva (chemically break down food)
what are the types of teeth, describe them and what they do
-teeth incisors and canines use 55 lbs of pressure and are for cutting and tearing and
premolars and molars and use 200 lb of force and are used for grinding
wha is deglutition?
swallowing
what is the process of deglutition?
1) Buccal: the upper esophageal sphincter is contracted, the uvula is down the epiglottis
is open and the bolus of food is in the mouth
2) pharyngeal phase- the upper esophageal sphincter is relaxed, the uvula is moved up,
the epiglottis is down closing off the trachea, and the bolus of food has moved into the
pharynx
3) esophageal phase: the upper esophageal sphincter is closed, the uvula is down, the
epiglottis moves up and the bolus is no down in the esophagus
describe the esophagus and the purpose of the two structures.
upper sphincter- is the stimulus for when you can start to breath again it ensures the
breathing commences
lower sphincter- makes sure the you dont get back flow from the stomach; it prevents
acid reflux.
how long does food passage in the esophagus take?
10 seconds
What are the motor functions of the stomach?
1) receptive relaxation- when the stomach receives food from a meal, as the food
moved down the smooth muscle relaxes
-food storage (1.5 L)
2) Gastric peristalsis- motility starts to increase
- slow emptying- you don't want a fast emptying/empty all at once because you have to
secrete substances to breakdown and slowly absorb nutrients.
describe regulation of gastric motility
1) events in the stomach a) volume and chyme b) smooth muscle excitability
-presence of protein: gastrin releases from the antral mucosa ( this hormone is special
because the stomach releases this and then it targets the stomach to begin digestion
2) events in the duodenum: a) distention of the duodenum b) acidity of duodenal chyme
(a and b both down regulate the stomach) c. presence of protein, sugars, and fats
cause hormones to be released from duodenal mucosa ( gastric inhibitory peptide GIP,
and secretin)
what is the motility of the small intestine?
mixing and propulsive contractions combined (segmentation)
describe the small intestine motility control.
1. neural: slow waves the ANS is always sending slow waves
2. hormonal: upregulation associated with gastrin (stomach) CCK, secretin, insulin
downregulation associated with glucagon (released when you dont have enough
glucose low levels of glucose=high levels of motility)
what is the function and operation of the ileocecal junction?
