BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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What is meant by partial pressure of a gas?
There is more than one gas in the air. Each gas in the air has its own pressure
contributing to the total pressure.
What is Dalton's Law?
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +...
What gases are in what abundance in air?
N2 (78.6%, 597p), O2 (20.9%, 159p), H2O (0.46%, 3.7p), CO2 (0.04%, 0.3p)
What is the total atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
What is Henry's Law?
Gases dissolve into liquid in proportion to their partial pressure; larger the gradient, the
faster to dissolve
What is the order of gas solubility between the alveoli and the pulmonary
capillaries?
CO2 (most soluble) > O2 (1/20th of CO2) > N2 (1/40th of CO2)
What is the composition of gases in the alveoli and why is it different than the
atmosphere?
N2 (74.9%, 569p), O2 (13.7%, 104p), H2O (6.2%, 47p), CO2(5.2%, 40p)
At any point in time, air in alveoli contains less O2, and more CO2 and H2O
What are the gas pressure gradients in the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
Atmospheric Air: pO2 = 159.3, pCO2 = 0.3
Alveolar Air: pO2 = 105, pCO2 = 40
Oxygenated Blood: pO2 = 100, pCO2 = 40
Tissue Cells: pO2 = 40, pCO2 = 45
Deoxygenated Blood: pO2 = 40, pCO2 = 45
Why do gas pressure gradients in the pulmonary and systemic circuits change?
Gas pressure gradients change in the pulmonary system because alveoli break down
O2 faster than CO2.
Gas pressure gradients change in the systemic circuit because blood delivers oxygen to
the tissues thus decreasing pO2.
How is surface area important in optimizing gases in the lungs?
Surface area allows enough O2 to get to our blood. Surface area in a human lung is
70m^2
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Ventilation: bringing in fresh air to alveoli
Perfusion: bring blood to an organ
Coupling: well perfused goes with well ventilated and vice versa
How does Hemoglobin work to transport both O2 and CO2?
Hb carries both O2 and CO2 simultaneously
What factors can decrease O2's ability to bind to Hb?
, decrease in pH, binding to 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, elevated temperature, increase in
pCO2
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate O2 to tissues
What are the different types of hypoxia?
Anemic, ischemic, histotoxic, and hypoxemic
What is ishemic hypoxia?
Impaired or blocked blood circulation
What is anemic hypoxia?
few RBCs
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Body cells are unable to use O2 even though enough O2 is delivered; a toxic interferes
with enzymes in the electron transport chain
What is hypoxemic hypoxia?
Reduced arterial pO2 (CO2 poisoning)
How is CO2 transported in whole blood?
3 Ways: Dissolved in plasma (7 - 10%), bound to Hb (20 - 30%), Bicarbonate ion (60 -
70%)
What is the chemistry behind CO2 transportation?
CO2 + H2O yields H2CO3 which yields HCO3- + H+
Reaction is fast in RBC due to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Reaction is slow in plasma causing pH of plasma to become more acidic (pH down)
What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?
Humoral Immunity: antibodies produced from lymphocytes present in the body as
humor(fluid)
Cellular Immunity: lymphocytes themselves defend the body
What cells are responsible for humoral immunity?
B-cells, memory B-cells, and plasma cells
What cells are responsible for cellular immunity?
Helper T-cells, and Cytotoxic T-cells
What are antigens?
Any substance provoking an immune response and/or not normally present in the body
Why are antigens important to the body?
Trigger responses to pathogens by the immune system. Without them no protection
against pathogens would take place.
How does the body recognize what cells are part of the body?
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), MHC class I proteins are embedded on every cell
membrane except for RBCs, MHC Class II proteins are on APCS. The Class II protein
tells everything to leave that cell alone
What are the steps for humoral immunity?
B-cell cloning
What are the steps for B-cell cloning?
1. B-cells encounter a primary response to an antigen and clone themselves
2. resulting plasma cells secrete antibodies into plasma
3. clone cells not differentiating into plasma cells become memory cells (remember what
bacteria look like)
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
What is meant by partial pressure of a gas?
There is more than one gas in the air. Each gas in the air has its own pressure
contributing to the total pressure.
What is Dalton's Law?
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +...
What gases are in what abundance in air?
N2 (78.6%, 597p), O2 (20.9%, 159p), H2O (0.46%, 3.7p), CO2 (0.04%, 0.3p)
What is the total atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
What is Henry's Law?
Gases dissolve into liquid in proportion to their partial pressure; larger the gradient, the
faster to dissolve
What is the order of gas solubility between the alveoli and the pulmonary
capillaries?
CO2 (most soluble) > O2 (1/20th of CO2) > N2 (1/40th of CO2)
What is the composition of gases in the alveoli and why is it different than the
atmosphere?
N2 (74.9%, 569p), O2 (13.7%, 104p), H2O (6.2%, 47p), CO2(5.2%, 40p)
At any point in time, air in alveoli contains less O2, and more CO2 and H2O
What are the gas pressure gradients in the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
Atmospheric Air: pO2 = 159.3, pCO2 = 0.3
Alveolar Air: pO2 = 105, pCO2 = 40
Oxygenated Blood: pO2 = 100, pCO2 = 40
Tissue Cells: pO2 = 40, pCO2 = 45
Deoxygenated Blood: pO2 = 40, pCO2 = 45
Why do gas pressure gradients in the pulmonary and systemic circuits change?
Gas pressure gradients change in the pulmonary system because alveoli break down
O2 faster than CO2.
Gas pressure gradients change in the systemic circuit because blood delivers oxygen to
the tissues thus decreasing pO2.
How is surface area important in optimizing gases in the lungs?
Surface area allows enough O2 to get to our blood. Surface area in a human lung is
70m^2
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Ventilation: bringing in fresh air to alveoli
Perfusion: bring blood to an organ
Coupling: well perfused goes with well ventilated and vice versa
How does Hemoglobin work to transport both O2 and CO2?
Hb carries both O2 and CO2 simultaneously
What factors can decrease O2's ability to bind to Hb?
, decrease in pH, binding to 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, elevated temperature, increase in
pCO2
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate O2 to tissues
What are the different types of hypoxia?
Anemic, ischemic, histotoxic, and hypoxemic
What is ishemic hypoxia?
Impaired or blocked blood circulation
What is anemic hypoxia?
few RBCs
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Body cells are unable to use O2 even though enough O2 is delivered; a toxic interferes
with enzymes in the electron transport chain
What is hypoxemic hypoxia?
Reduced arterial pO2 (CO2 poisoning)
How is CO2 transported in whole blood?
3 Ways: Dissolved in plasma (7 - 10%), bound to Hb (20 - 30%), Bicarbonate ion (60 -
70%)
What is the chemistry behind CO2 transportation?
CO2 + H2O yields H2CO3 which yields HCO3- + H+
Reaction is fast in RBC due to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Reaction is slow in plasma causing pH of plasma to become more acidic (pH down)
What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?
Humoral Immunity: antibodies produced from lymphocytes present in the body as
humor(fluid)
Cellular Immunity: lymphocytes themselves defend the body
What cells are responsible for humoral immunity?
B-cells, memory B-cells, and plasma cells
What cells are responsible for cellular immunity?
Helper T-cells, and Cytotoxic T-cells
What are antigens?
Any substance provoking an immune response and/or not normally present in the body
Why are antigens important to the body?
Trigger responses to pathogens by the immune system. Without them no protection
against pathogens would take place.
How does the body recognize what cells are part of the body?
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), MHC class I proteins are embedded on every cell
membrane except for RBCs, MHC Class II proteins are on APCS. The Class II protein
tells everything to leave that cell alone
What are the steps for humoral immunity?
B-cell cloning
What are the steps for B-cell cloning?
1. B-cells encounter a primary response to an antigen and clone themselves
2. resulting plasma cells secrete antibodies into plasma
3. clone cells not differentiating into plasma cells become memory cells (remember what
bacteria look like)
