BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
What is homeostasis? (Claude Bernard)
1) All organs interact
2) All cells of organs bathed in internal fluid
3) Cells exist if fluid remains constant in quantity & quality (osmosis)
4)Fluctuations occur within narrow limits
Osmosis & which way water moves across the cell membrane
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves towards the side with more solute to dilute & to make even
Positive feedback
stimulates effector to amplify the original stimulus; rare, often destructive
Ex. congestive heart failure (negative outcome), labor contractions (positive outcome)
Negative feedback
Stimulates effector to reduce the original stimulus; common, restore stability
Ex. sweat, temperature regulating
What types of neurons are found in the ANS?
Parasympathetic: maintenance mode; slow, "rest & digest"
Ex. evens heart rate, lowers blood pressure, conserves energy
Sympathetic: prepares body for activity; "fight or flight"
Ex. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure
Similarities between the somatic & autonomic nervous systems
-part of motor effector division of PNS
-have motor fibers (carry out effect/ action)
Differences between somatic & autonomic nervous systems
-their effectors
-number of neurons
-neurotransmitters involved
-action of their neurotransmitters at the effectors
What neurotransmitters are found in the SNS?
ACh
What neurotransmitters are found in the ANS?
Sympathetic 1: ACh & NE
Sympathetic 2: ACh, NE, & EPI
Parasympathetic: ACh
What is a ganglion?
Relay station of neuron cell bodies, that help transmit signals between different parts of
the nervous system
How many ways does the sympathetic nervous system operate?
Operates in two ways, both to prepare the body for action
What target organs are innervated by the ANS?
, Smooth muscle, heart muscle, and glands
How are the ANS neurons anatomically arranged?
Parasympathetic & sympathetic ways
Physiological effects to organs of stimulating ANS neurons
Sympathetic: increase heart rate, stimulates release of adrenaline (epinephrine)
Parasympathetic: decrease heart rate, constricts pupil for near vision
Cholinergic neurons
Pre-ganglionic neurons and post-ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic are cholinergic
(release ACh)
Adrenergic neurons
Post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic are adrenergic (release NE)
Cholinergic receptors
Bind to ACh
Type 1: NAChR (always stimulatory) in post-ganglionic of parasympathetic,
sympathetic, & somatic system, & adrenal medulla
Type 2: MAChR (stimulatory & inhibitory) in all parasympathetic target organs/ effectors
Adrenergic receptors
Bind to NE; located in sympathetic target organs; alpha & beta
Alpha
Generally stimulatory (except digestion)
Beta
Generally inhibitory (except heart)
Difference between nervous systems & endocrinology
Nervous system: muscle & glands; quick response
Endocrinology: metabolism & hormones; slow/ delayed response
Glands and Organs of the Endocrine System
Major glands: Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus
Other glands: pancreas, gonads
Organs/ tissues producing hormones: adipose tissue, intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart
Steroid hormones
-Synthesized from cholesterol
-lipid-soluble (can pass through plasma membrane)
-must be bound to carrier proteins
-acts inside the cell
- released from gonads & adrenal cortex
Amino acid- based hormones
-most hormones
-water-soluble (cannot pass through plasma membrane)
-acts on receptors in the plasma membrane
Why do secondary messengers occur?
CORRECT A+ GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
What is homeostasis? (Claude Bernard)
1) All organs interact
2) All cells of organs bathed in internal fluid
3) Cells exist if fluid remains constant in quantity & quality (osmosis)
4)Fluctuations occur within narrow limits
Osmosis & which way water moves across the cell membrane
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves towards the side with more solute to dilute & to make even
Positive feedback
stimulates effector to amplify the original stimulus; rare, often destructive
Ex. congestive heart failure (negative outcome), labor contractions (positive outcome)
Negative feedback
Stimulates effector to reduce the original stimulus; common, restore stability
Ex. sweat, temperature regulating
What types of neurons are found in the ANS?
Parasympathetic: maintenance mode; slow, "rest & digest"
Ex. evens heart rate, lowers blood pressure, conserves energy
Sympathetic: prepares body for activity; "fight or flight"
Ex. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure
Similarities between the somatic & autonomic nervous systems
-part of motor effector division of PNS
-have motor fibers (carry out effect/ action)
Differences between somatic & autonomic nervous systems
-their effectors
-number of neurons
-neurotransmitters involved
-action of their neurotransmitters at the effectors
What neurotransmitters are found in the SNS?
ACh
What neurotransmitters are found in the ANS?
Sympathetic 1: ACh & NE
Sympathetic 2: ACh, NE, & EPI
Parasympathetic: ACh
What is a ganglion?
Relay station of neuron cell bodies, that help transmit signals between different parts of
the nervous system
How many ways does the sympathetic nervous system operate?
Operates in two ways, both to prepare the body for action
What target organs are innervated by the ANS?
, Smooth muscle, heart muscle, and glands
How are the ANS neurons anatomically arranged?
Parasympathetic & sympathetic ways
Physiological effects to organs of stimulating ANS neurons
Sympathetic: increase heart rate, stimulates release of adrenaline (epinephrine)
Parasympathetic: decrease heart rate, constricts pupil for near vision
Cholinergic neurons
Pre-ganglionic neurons and post-ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic are cholinergic
(release ACh)
Adrenergic neurons
Post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic are adrenergic (release NE)
Cholinergic receptors
Bind to ACh
Type 1: NAChR (always stimulatory) in post-ganglionic of parasympathetic,
sympathetic, & somatic system, & adrenal medulla
Type 2: MAChR (stimulatory & inhibitory) in all parasympathetic target organs/ effectors
Adrenergic receptors
Bind to NE; located in sympathetic target organs; alpha & beta
Alpha
Generally stimulatory (except digestion)
Beta
Generally inhibitory (except heart)
Difference between nervous systems & endocrinology
Nervous system: muscle & glands; quick response
Endocrinology: metabolism & hormones; slow/ delayed response
Glands and Organs of the Endocrine System
Major glands: Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus
Other glands: pancreas, gonads
Organs/ tissues producing hormones: adipose tissue, intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart
Steroid hormones
-Synthesized from cholesterol
-lipid-soluble (can pass through plasma membrane)
-must be bound to carrier proteins
-acts inside the cell
- released from gonads & adrenal cortex
Amino acid- based hormones
-most hormones
-water-soluble (cannot pass through plasma membrane)
-acts on receptors in the plasma membrane
Why do secondary messengers occur?
