BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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What anatomy makes up the alimentary tract?
Mouth, parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver,
stomach, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, gall bladder, transverse colon,
ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, cecum, appendix, rectum, anus
What is the microanatomy of the small intestine?
Mucosa (sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa (sublayers: connective tissue, arterioles, nerve cells)
Muscularis externa (sublayers: longitudinal muscle, circular muscle)
Serosa (sublayers: epithelium, connective tissue)
Lumen
What is the first part of the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the fingerlike projection coming off of the cecum?
Appendix
What does the sigmoid colon look like?
S-shaped bend
What are the functions of the small intestine villi and microvilli?
Increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
What is the process of deglutition?
Swallowing
Process of something passing from the mouth, to the pharynx, and into the esophagus,
while shutting the epiglottis
The portion of food that moves through the neck in one swallow is called a bolus
Food passage takes about 9 seconds
What anatomy makes up the upper digestive tract?
Tongue
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Trachea
Uvula
Bolus
Esophagus
Why are the esophageal sphincters important?
Upper sphincter ensures breathing commences
Lower sphincter prevents acid reflux (heartburn)
What anatomy makes up the stomach?
Lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter (distal end of stomach)
Fundus (proximal portion of stomach)
Body (middle area of stomach)
, Antrum (distal portion of stomach)
Rugae (undulations on stomach's inner portion)
How and when does the stomach empty its contents?
Stomach starts preparing for a meal with receptive relaxation. When food starts coming
in, the muscle starts to contract (gastric peristalsis)
Pyloric valve opens slightly to give the stomach and duodenum enough time to break
everything down
Stomach can hold 1.5 L
What is the neural influence on the stomach?
During rest, the stomach gets slow waves which have a slow de- and repolarization
When food enters the stomach, action potentials spike; more food you put in, the closer
the spikes are. Spikes are simulated by Ach, stretching, and other parasympathetic
functions
During depolarization, norepinephrine and sympathetic functions are up regulated
How is gastric motility regulated?
Regulated by the volume of chyme (the more smooth muscle is stretched, the more it
contracts) and the presence of protein via receptors (more protein in stomach =
increase in digestive peristalsis; stomach releases more gastrin which is released in the
antral mucosa (inner lining))
How is motility regulated in the small and large intestine?
Distention/swelling of duodenum and acidity of duodenal chyme are both down
regulated; presence of protein, sugars, and fats cause hormones to be released from
duodenal mucosa (GIP & secretin)
What is segmentation in the small intestine?
Mixing and propulsive contractions combined
Chyme is segmented
How does the ileocecal valve operate?
Ileocecal valve is the opening to the ileocecal sphincter
Pressure and chemical irritation relax sphincter and excite peristalsis
Fluidity of contents promotes emptying
Pressure of chemical irritation inhibits peristalsis of ileum and excites sphincter
Function: prevent backward flow
Operation: opens upon pressure differences
What is the anatomy of the large intestine?
Tenia coli
Haustra
How does the large intestine empty during defecation?
You have to go in the first place because fecal matter builds up in the sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid colon will send a signal up and the signal sent down will innervate one of the
anal sphincter muscles
Contraction of abdominal wall musculature and lowering of diaphragm places pressure
on colon wall. External and internal sphincters open
What is the pH of secretion in different parts of the alimentary tract?
Saliva = 6 - 7
Gastric secretion = 1 - 3.5
Pancreatic secretion = 8 - 8.3
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What anatomy makes up the alimentary tract?
Mouth, parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver,
stomach, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, gall bladder, transverse colon,
ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, cecum, appendix, rectum, anus
What is the microanatomy of the small intestine?
Mucosa (sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa (sublayers: connective tissue, arterioles, nerve cells)
Muscularis externa (sublayers: longitudinal muscle, circular muscle)
Serosa (sublayers: epithelium, connective tissue)
Lumen
What is the first part of the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the fingerlike projection coming off of the cecum?
Appendix
What does the sigmoid colon look like?
S-shaped bend
What are the functions of the small intestine villi and microvilli?
Increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
What is the process of deglutition?
Swallowing
Process of something passing from the mouth, to the pharynx, and into the esophagus,
while shutting the epiglottis
The portion of food that moves through the neck in one swallow is called a bolus
Food passage takes about 9 seconds
What anatomy makes up the upper digestive tract?
Tongue
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Trachea
Uvula
Bolus
Esophagus
Why are the esophageal sphincters important?
Upper sphincter ensures breathing commences
Lower sphincter prevents acid reflux (heartburn)
What anatomy makes up the stomach?
Lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter (distal end of stomach)
Fundus (proximal portion of stomach)
Body (middle area of stomach)
, Antrum (distal portion of stomach)
Rugae (undulations on stomach's inner portion)
How and when does the stomach empty its contents?
Stomach starts preparing for a meal with receptive relaxation. When food starts coming
in, the muscle starts to contract (gastric peristalsis)
Pyloric valve opens slightly to give the stomach and duodenum enough time to break
everything down
Stomach can hold 1.5 L
What is the neural influence on the stomach?
During rest, the stomach gets slow waves which have a slow de- and repolarization
When food enters the stomach, action potentials spike; more food you put in, the closer
the spikes are. Spikes are simulated by Ach, stretching, and other parasympathetic
functions
During depolarization, norepinephrine and sympathetic functions are up regulated
How is gastric motility regulated?
Regulated by the volume of chyme (the more smooth muscle is stretched, the more it
contracts) and the presence of protein via receptors (more protein in stomach =
increase in digestive peristalsis; stomach releases more gastrin which is released in the
antral mucosa (inner lining))
How is motility regulated in the small and large intestine?
Distention/swelling of duodenum and acidity of duodenal chyme are both down
regulated; presence of protein, sugars, and fats cause hormones to be released from
duodenal mucosa (GIP & secretin)
What is segmentation in the small intestine?
Mixing and propulsive contractions combined
Chyme is segmented
How does the ileocecal valve operate?
Ileocecal valve is the opening to the ileocecal sphincter
Pressure and chemical irritation relax sphincter and excite peristalsis
Fluidity of contents promotes emptying
Pressure of chemical irritation inhibits peristalsis of ileum and excites sphincter
Function: prevent backward flow
Operation: opens upon pressure differences
What is the anatomy of the large intestine?
Tenia coli
Haustra
How does the large intestine empty during defecation?
You have to go in the first place because fecal matter builds up in the sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid colon will send a signal up and the signal sent down will innervate one of the
anal sphincter muscles
Contraction of abdominal wall musculature and lowering of diaphragm places pressure
on colon wall. External and internal sphincters open
What is the pH of secretion in different parts of the alimentary tract?
Saliva = 6 - 7
Gastric secretion = 1 - 3.5
Pancreatic secretion = 8 - 8.3
