BIO 269 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100%
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How do preceding inhalation and exhalation affect one's ability to hold one's
breath? Why?
Inhalation: more oxygen after inhalation; breath can be held the longest after this breath
due to a new amount of fresh oxygen filling the lungs
Exhalation: exhale majority of oxygen in body, left with a mixture of oxygen and CO2;
cannot hold breath for long after pushing CO2 out and takes longer for O2 to build up to
hold your breath
How would you expect the breathing pattern to change after holding one's
breath?
When the brain senses the change in pH due to increased carbon dioxide, it triggers a
protective mechanism that increases your respiratory drive to get more oxygen and
expel more carbon dioxide (gas exchange) (negative feedback loop). This increases
your body's desire to inhale and exhale. If this mechanism is disrupted, you could faint,
have a seizure, or suffer brain injury.
What physiological parameter triggers changes in breathing (i. e., pO2 or pCO2?)
and how is that related to blood pH?
pCO2 triggers physiological changes in breathing more than pO2 because CO2
combines with water and breaks down into carbonic acid lowering the pH of the blood.
When the pH of the blood drops too low oxygen has a hard time binding to hemoglobin.
Low pH is picked up by chemoreceptors that send signals to the medulla oblongata to
make you breathe out the CO2.
Tidal volume
amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
unit: L/breath
ERV
amount of air exhaled forcefully after normal exhalation
unit: L
IRV
amount of air inhaled forcefully after normal inhalation
unit: L
Residual volume
volume of gas left in the lungs after max. expiration, VC x 0.25
unit: L
Inspiratory capacity
max amount of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration
tidal volume + IRV
unit: L
Expiratory capacity
max amount of air that can be exhaled after normal inspiration
tidal volume + ERV
unit: L
Vital capacity
, max amount of air expelled from the lungs after max. inhalation
IRV + ERV + tidal volume
unit: L
Total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity and residual volume
VC + RV
unit: L
Forced vital capacity
max amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after taking deep breath in
unit: L
Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec
amount of air forced out in one second (FEV1)
unit: L
Respiration minute volume
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute
TV x BPM (breaths per minute)
Forced expiratory volume
percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval
FEV1/FVC
unit: %
What does spirometry measure?
measuring air flow and the corresponding changes in lung volume
Can determine IRV, ERV, VC, Vt, EC, FVC, FRC, EMV, and FEV1
What does ventilation measure?
measures rate and depth
Can determine volumes/rate
Abnormal Urinary Constituents
Glucose (Glucosuria), Proteins (proteinuria), Erthrocytes (hematuria)
pathological vs non pathological
-pathological: disease/chronic condition
-non-pathological: treatable/short term condition
Glucose (Glucosuria)
Nonpathological: excessive intake of sugary foods.
Pathological: diabetes mellitus
Proteins (Proteinuria)
Nonpathological: excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, high protein diet.
Pathological: heart failure, severe hypertension, damage to glomerular filtration
membrane- glomerulonephritis
Erthroycytes (Hematuria)
Non-Pathological: menstration
Pathological: bleeding urinary tract, UTI, kidney stones
How do ADH and aldosterone affect urine volume, concentration, and K+ & Na+
concentrations?
ADH: decreases urine volume because it causes an increase in water absorption
making the membrane permeable to water- urine is scant and highly concentrated.
ADH acts on the distal tubule and the common collecting duct
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How do preceding inhalation and exhalation affect one's ability to hold one's
breath? Why?
Inhalation: more oxygen after inhalation; breath can be held the longest after this breath
due to a new amount of fresh oxygen filling the lungs
Exhalation: exhale majority of oxygen in body, left with a mixture of oxygen and CO2;
cannot hold breath for long after pushing CO2 out and takes longer for O2 to build up to
hold your breath
How would you expect the breathing pattern to change after holding one's
breath?
When the brain senses the change in pH due to increased carbon dioxide, it triggers a
protective mechanism that increases your respiratory drive to get more oxygen and
expel more carbon dioxide (gas exchange) (negative feedback loop). This increases
your body's desire to inhale and exhale. If this mechanism is disrupted, you could faint,
have a seizure, or suffer brain injury.
What physiological parameter triggers changes in breathing (i. e., pO2 or pCO2?)
and how is that related to blood pH?
pCO2 triggers physiological changes in breathing more than pO2 because CO2
combines with water and breaks down into carbonic acid lowering the pH of the blood.
When the pH of the blood drops too low oxygen has a hard time binding to hemoglobin.
Low pH is picked up by chemoreceptors that send signals to the medulla oblongata to
make you breathe out the CO2.
Tidal volume
amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
unit: L/breath
ERV
amount of air exhaled forcefully after normal exhalation
unit: L
IRV
amount of air inhaled forcefully after normal inhalation
unit: L
Residual volume
volume of gas left in the lungs after max. expiration, VC x 0.25
unit: L
Inspiratory capacity
max amount of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration
tidal volume + IRV
unit: L
Expiratory capacity
max amount of air that can be exhaled after normal inspiration
tidal volume + ERV
unit: L
Vital capacity
, max amount of air expelled from the lungs after max. inhalation
IRV + ERV + tidal volume
unit: L
Total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity and residual volume
VC + RV
unit: L
Forced vital capacity
max amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after taking deep breath in
unit: L
Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec
amount of air forced out in one second (FEV1)
unit: L
Respiration minute volume
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute
TV x BPM (breaths per minute)
Forced expiratory volume
percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval
FEV1/FVC
unit: %
What does spirometry measure?
measuring air flow and the corresponding changes in lung volume
Can determine IRV, ERV, VC, Vt, EC, FVC, FRC, EMV, and FEV1
What does ventilation measure?
measures rate and depth
Can determine volumes/rate
Abnormal Urinary Constituents
Glucose (Glucosuria), Proteins (proteinuria), Erthrocytes (hematuria)
pathological vs non pathological
-pathological: disease/chronic condition
-non-pathological: treatable/short term condition
Glucose (Glucosuria)
Nonpathological: excessive intake of sugary foods.
Pathological: diabetes mellitus
Proteins (Proteinuria)
Nonpathological: excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, high protein diet.
Pathological: heart failure, severe hypertension, damage to glomerular filtration
membrane- glomerulonephritis
Erthroycytes (Hematuria)
Non-Pathological: menstration
Pathological: bleeding urinary tract, UTI, kidney stones
How do ADH and aldosterone affect urine volume, concentration, and K+ & Na+
concentrations?
ADH: decreases urine volume because it causes an increase in water absorption
making the membrane permeable to water- urine is scant and highly concentrated.
ADH acts on the distal tubule and the common collecting duct
