AOH Final exam- week 9 onwards questions
with 100% complete solutions
Direct ophthalmoscopy technique - correct answer ✔✔Bring the ophthalmoscope
as close as possible to the patient's eye, therefore increasing the amount of light
through the pupil and increasing the field of view.
1. Evaluate the fundus systematically
2. Locate the optic disc- Follow the main vessels form the optic disc into each of
the four quadrants and study the appearance of the vessels and the adjacent
(neural) retina
4. Periphery -look in the direction of the quadrant which is being inspected.
5. Macula. Decrease illumination and decrease aperture size.
Systematic examination of fundus - correct answer ✔✔Clarity of media
Start with optic nerve head
Upper and lower vascular arcades. Vascular arcades boundary the posterior pole
Peripheral fundus (aided by patient shifting their gaze as instructed)
Light sensitive macula last
Intermediate/small
,aperture - correct answer ✔✔Small pupils, photosensitive pateints, macula reflex
Fixation Target - correct answer ✔✔Centration of foveal reflex
Slit aperture - correct answer ✔✔Fundus contour
Red free filter - correct answer ✔✔increase contrast of vessels
Cobalt blue filter - correct answer ✔✔Corneal staining
Polaroid filter - correct answer ✔✔Reduce reflections
Glaucoma grid - correct answer ✔✔Size of neural rim
Image seen through direct opthalmoscope: - correct answer ✔✔Virtual and erect
Direct opthalmoscope field of view - correct answer ✔✔8-10 degrees
e.g. FOV with 2mm pupil approx 4 degrees
Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy summary - correct answer ✔✔Real and
erect image
5x mag
20 degrees field of view
, BIO image - correct answer ✔✔Real, inverted, laterally reversed image
When is BIO indicated: - correct answer ✔✔All new patients
High myopes!! (over 5D)
New symptoms- flashes, floaters, blur
Diabetic patients
How to draw what you see in BIO - correct answer ✔✔draw what you see then
flip it upside down- that will be what's actually there
Slit lamp fundoscopy description - correct answer ✔✔60D, 78D, 90D condensing
lenses
Stereopsis is achievable
Relatively independent of ametropia
Digital retinal photography: - correct answer ✔✔Founded on the optical principles
of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, with image capture ability added.
Many non mydriatic models now
Why do we use digital retinal photography - correct answer ✔✔Better record
keeping.
Subtle changes detected more easily.
Lesions that can progress or show signs of malignancy adequately monitored.
Dissemination of information between practitioners
Patient education
with 100% complete solutions
Direct ophthalmoscopy technique - correct answer ✔✔Bring the ophthalmoscope
as close as possible to the patient's eye, therefore increasing the amount of light
through the pupil and increasing the field of view.
1. Evaluate the fundus systematically
2. Locate the optic disc- Follow the main vessels form the optic disc into each of
the four quadrants and study the appearance of the vessels and the adjacent
(neural) retina
4. Periphery -look in the direction of the quadrant which is being inspected.
5. Macula. Decrease illumination and decrease aperture size.
Systematic examination of fundus - correct answer ✔✔Clarity of media
Start with optic nerve head
Upper and lower vascular arcades. Vascular arcades boundary the posterior pole
Peripheral fundus (aided by patient shifting their gaze as instructed)
Light sensitive macula last
Intermediate/small
,aperture - correct answer ✔✔Small pupils, photosensitive pateints, macula reflex
Fixation Target - correct answer ✔✔Centration of foveal reflex
Slit aperture - correct answer ✔✔Fundus contour
Red free filter - correct answer ✔✔increase contrast of vessels
Cobalt blue filter - correct answer ✔✔Corneal staining
Polaroid filter - correct answer ✔✔Reduce reflections
Glaucoma grid - correct answer ✔✔Size of neural rim
Image seen through direct opthalmoscope: - correct answer ✔✔Virtual and erect
Direct opthalmoscope field of view - correct answer ✔✔8-10 degrees
e.g. FOV with 2mm pupil approx 4 degrees
Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy summary - correct answer ✔✔Real and
erect image
5x mag
20 degrees field of view
, BIO image - correct answer ✔✔Real, inverted, laterally reversed image
When is BIO indicated: - correct answer ✔✔All new patients
High myopes!! (over 5D)
New symptoms- flashes, floaters, blur
Diabetic patients
How to draw what you see in BIO - correct answer ✔✔draw what you see then
flip it upside down- that will be what's actually there
Slit lamp fundoscopy description - correct answer ✔✔60D, 78D, 90D condensing
lenses
Stereopsis is achievable
Relatively independent of ametropia
Digital retinal photography: - correct answer ✔✔Founded on the optical principles
of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, with image capture ability added.
Many non mydriatic models now
Why do we use digital retinal photography - correct answer ✔✔Better record
keeping.
Subtle changes detected more easily.
Lesions that can progress or show signs of malignancy adequately monitored.
Dissemination of information between practitioners
Patient education
