HBIO 202 - MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
1st law of thermodynamics
states that total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained - it is only
transformed
2nd law of thermodynamics
states that entropy constantly increases in a closed system. We can define entropy as a
measure of the disorder of the universe.
Four important molecules needed
Sunlight, Water, Carbon, and Oxygen
cellular respiration
process of which cells of organisms convert chemical energy from nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
Triglycerides
type of fat, called lipid, that circulate in your blood. They are the most common type of
fat in your body which comes from foods like butter, or oils
Substrate
fuel source from which we make energy (ATP), ideally from carbs, fats, and protein
Bioenergetics
conversion of substrates into energy (through chemical pathways)
Metabolism
,All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
First step of cellular respiration
glycolysis
2nd step of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
3rd step of cellular respiration
electron transport chain
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
mechanical digestion
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
chemical digestion
break down of food into absorbable nutrients
Bile
a yellow-green, bitter fluid important in the breakdown and absorption of fats. helps
digest fats
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
Lipase
breaks down lipids (fats)
Trypsin
digests proteins
Enzymes
, Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
CCK (cholecystokinin)
released by small intestine - increases bile acid production in the liver
liver
Uses some amino acids to make new proteins or converts them to glucose.
chyle
made of lymph - helps fight germs and keeps the body's fluid levels normal
nervous system
stimulates your appetite
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides and disaccharides
Monosaccharides (1 sugar)
glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides (2 sugars)
sucrose, lactose, maltose
complex carbohydrates (many sugars)
polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than 10 monosaccharides
Prebiotics
plant fibers acting like fertilizers that stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut
(food)
Probiotics
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
1st law of thermodynamics
states that total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained - it is only
transformed
2nd law of thermodynamics
states that entropy constantly increases in a closed system. We can define entropy as a
measure of the disorder of the universe.
Four important molecules needed
Sunlight, Water, Carbon, and Oxygen
cellular respiration
process of which cells of organisms convert chemical energy from nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
Triglycerides
type of fat, called lipid, that circulate in your blood. They are the most common type of
fat in your body which comes from foods like butter, or oils
Substrate
fuel source from which we make energy (ATP), ideally from carbs, fats, and protein
Bioenergetics
conversion of substrates into energy (through chemical pathways)
Metabolism
,All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
First step of cellular respiration
glycolysis
2nd step of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
3rd step of cellular respiration
electron transport chain
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
mechanical digestion
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
chemical digestion
break down of food into absorbable nutrients
Bile
a yellow-green, bitter fluid important in the breakdown and absorption of fats. helps
digest fats
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
Lipase
breaks down lipids (fats)
Trypsin
digests proteins
Enzymes
, Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
CCK (cholecystokinin)
released by small intestine - increases bile acid production in the liver
liver
Uses some amino acids to make new proteins or converts them to glucose.
chyle
made of lymph - helps fight germs and keeps the body's fluid levels normal
nervous system
stimulates your appetite
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides and disaccharides
Monosaccharides (1 sugar)
glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides (2 sugars)
sucrose, lactose, maltose
complex carbohydrates (many sugars)
polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than 10 monosaccharides
Prebiotics
plant fibers acting like fertilizers that stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut
(food)
Probiotics
