BIOB33 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Closed or Simple Fracture
completely internal. Can be seen only on x-ray, because they do not involve a break in
the skin
Open or Compound Fracture
project through the skin. These fractures are obvious on inspection, and are more
dangerous than closed fractures due to possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding
Transverse Fracture
break in bone shaft across its long axis
Displaced Fracture
produce new and abnormal bone arrangements; nondisplaced fractures retain the
normal alignment of the bones or fragments
Compression Factor
occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces
that arise when you land on your sacrum in a fall
Spiral Fracture
produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
Epiphyseal Fracture
tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are
dying. A clean transverse fracture along this line generally heals well. Unless carefully
,treated, fractures between the epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop
growth at this site
Comminuted Fracture
affected area is shattered into multitude of bony fragments
Greenstick Fracture
one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally
occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify
Colles Fracture
a break in the distal portion of the radius, and is typically the result of reaching out to
cushion a fall
Pott's Fracture
occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Events of a fracture:
1. Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over period of several
hours, a large blood clot, or fractural hematoma, develops
2. An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an
external callus of cartilage and bone stabilize the outer edges
3. Cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone
now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to
the break have been removed and replaced
4. A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be
remodelled and little evidence of the fracture will remain
Heimlich Manoeuvre (Abdominal Thrust)
,apply compression to the abdomen just inferior to the diaphragm by a rescuer.
Compression elevates the diaphragm forcefully and may generate enough pressure to
remove the blockage
Tracheostomy
procedure where incision is made through anterior tracheal wall and tube is inserted.
Done by qualified rescuer is the blockage remains
Several important differences between respiratory system of fetus and newborn
infant:
1. Before delivery, pulmonary arterial resistance is high because pulmonary vessels are
collapsed
2. Rib cage is compressed
3. Lungs and conducting passageways contain only small amounts of fluid and no air
Mastication
chewing of food, which breaks down tough connective tissues and plant fibres and
helps saturate the materials with salivary secretions and enzymes
Dentine (Dentin)
differs from bone because it does not contain living cells. Instead, cytoplasmic
processes extend into the dentine form cells in the central pulp cavity
Pulp Cavity
spongy and highly vascular. Receives blood vessels and nerves via a narrow tunnel
(root canal) located near the base (root) of the tooth
Alveolus
bony socket which the root of the tooth is anchored in
, Cement
layer that covers the dentine of the root, providing protection and firmly anchoring the
periodontal ligament. The cement is very similar in histological structure to bone, and
less resistant to erosion than dentine
Neck of Tooth
marks boundary between root and the crown
Crown
visible portion of the tooth that projects above the soft tissue of the gingiva
Gingival Sulcus
epithelial cells form tight attachments to the tooth above the neck, preventing bacterial
access to the lamina propria of the gingiva or the relatively soft cement of the root
Enamel
layer that covers dentine crown. Contains densely packed crystals of calcium phosphate
and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance
Incisors
blade-shaped teeth found at the front of the mouth. Useful for clipping or cutting, as
when nipping off the tip of a carrot stick. Have a single root
Cuspids (Canines)
conical with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip. They are used for tearing or slashing. A
tough piece of celery might be weakened by the clipping action of the incisors, but it can
then be moved to one side to take advantage of the shearing action provided by the
cupsids. Also has a single root
Bicuspids (Premolars)
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Closed or Simple Fracture
completely internal. Can be seen only on x-ray, because they do not involve a break in
the skin
Open or Compound Fracture
project through the skin. These fractures are obvious on inspection, and are more
dangerous than closed fractures due to possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding
Transverse Fracture
break in bone shaft across its long axis
Displaced Fracture
produce new and abnormal bone arrangements; nondisplaced fractures retain the
normal alignment of the bones or fragments
Compression Factor
occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces
that arise when you land on your sacrum in a fall
Spiral Fracture
produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
Epiphyseal Fracture
tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are
dying. A clean transverse fracture along this line generally heals well. Unless carefully
,treated, fractures between the epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop
growth at this site
Comminuted Fracture
affected area is shattered into multitude of bony fragments
Greenstick Fracture
one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally
occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify
Colles Fracture
a break in the distal portion of the radius, and is typically the result of reaching out to
cushion a fall
Pott's Fracture
occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Events of a fracture:
1. Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over period of several
hours, a large blood clot, or fractural hematoma, develops
2. An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an
external callus of cartilage and bone stabilize the outer edges
3. Cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone
now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to
the break have been removed and replaced
4. A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be
remodelled and little evidence of the fracture will remain
Heimlich Manoeuvre (Abdominal Thrust)
,apply compression to the abdomen just inferior to the diaphragm by a rescuer.
Compression elevates the diaphragm forcefully and may generate enough pressure to
remove the blockage
Tracheostomy
procedure where incision is made through anterior tracheal wall and tube is inserted.
Done by qualified rescuer is the blockage remains
Several important differences between respiratory system of fetus and newborn
infant:
1. Before delivery, pulmonary arterial resistance is high because pulmonary vessels are
collapsed
2. Rib cage is compressed
3. Lungs and conducting passageways contain only small amounts of fluid and no air
Mastication
chewing of food, which breaks down tough connective tissues and plant fibres and
helps saturate the materials with salivary secretions and enzymes
Dentine (Dentin)
differs from bone because it does not contain living cells. Instead, cytoplasmic
processes extend into the dentine form cells in the central pulp cavity
Pulp Cavity
spongy and highly vascular. Receives blood vessels and nerves via a narrow tunnel
(root canal) located near the base (root) of the tooth
Alveolus
bony socket which the root of the tooth is anchored in
, Cement
layer that covers the dentine of the root, providing protection and firmly anchoring the
periodontal ligament. The cement is very similar in histological structure to bone, and
less resistant to erosion than dentine
Neck of Tooth
marks boundary between root and the crown
Crown
visible portion of the tooth that projects above the soft tissue of the gingiva
Gingival Sulcus
epithelial cells form tight attachments to the tooth above the neck, preventing bacterial
access to the lamina propria of the gingiva or the relatively soft cement of the root
Enamel
layer that covers dentine crown. Contains densely packed crystals of calcium phosphate
and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance
Incisors
blade-shaped teeth found at the front of the mouth. Useful for clipping or cutting, as
when nipping off the tip of a carrot stick. Have a single root
Cuspids (Canines)
conical with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip. They are used for tearing or slashing. A
tough piece of celery might be weakened by the clipping action of the incisors, but it can
then be moved to one side to take advantage of the shearing action provided by the
cupsids. Also has a single root
Bicuspids (Premolars)
