BN705 EXAM 2024 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
ABG pH range
7.35-7.45
ABG PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
ABG PaO2
70 -100 mmHg
ABG SaO2
95-100%
ABG HCO3 Bicarbonate
22-26 mEq/L
respiratory acidosis
Low pH, high PaCO2. (Compensation: Look for an elevated HCO3- (bicarbonate). The
kidneys retain more HCO3- to offset the high CO2.
- Partial Compensation**: HCO3- is elevated but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation**: HCO3- is elevated enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal)
respiratory alkalosis
High pH, low PaCO2. (Compensation: Look for a decreased HCO3- level. The kidneys
excrete more HCO3- to counteract the low CO2.
,- Partial Compensation: HCO3- is decreased but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: HCO3- is decreased enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal.)
metabolic acidosis
Low pH, low HCO3. (Compensation: Look for a decreased PaCO2. The lungs expel
more CO2 to balance the low HCO3-.
- Partial Compensation: PaCO2 is decreased but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: PaCO2 is decreased enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal.)
metabolic alkalosis
High pH, high HCO3-. (Compensation**: Look for an elevated PaCO2. The lungs retain
more CO2 to balance the high HCO3-.
- Partial Compensation: PaCO2 is elevated but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: PaCO2 is elevated enough to bring the pH back to normal or
near normal.)
Risk factors for asthma
- Environmental factors
- Housing conditions
- Health literacy
- Smoking in the house
- Difficulty accessing primary healthcare providers
Asthma signs and symptoms
,- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Difficulty breathing
- Chest tightness
Asthma Prevention
- Identify asthma triggers
- Stay away from allergens and smoke
- Vaccinations
- Medications
- Prevent colds
- Education
Asthma Treatment
- Short acting beta agonists (SABA) - symptom relief
- Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatory
- Long acting beta agonists - severe/persistent cases
- Oxygen therapy
Chemotherapy
the use of non-selective cytotoxic drugs which target vital cellular or metabolic
processes essential for cell growth and replication
Types of Chemotherapy
- Alkylating agents - prevents cells from dividing
- Antimetabolites - prevent cancer cells making more cancer cells
- Cytotoxic antibiotics
, - Vinca alkaloids - drug that blocks cell growth
- Multiple drug agents (combination therapy)
Side effects of chemotherapy
- Fatigue
- Reduced blood cell numbers
- Impaired wound healing
- Nausea/vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Alopecia
- Sterility
- Growth depression in children
- GI mucosal damage
- Teratogenicity
Immune system effects of chemo
Chemotherapy can cause neutropenia (dec number of neutrophils (WBC) in your
blood). This means your body cannot fight infections as normal.
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood
flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery.
stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress
unstable angina
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
ABG pH range
7.35-7.45
ABG PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
ABG PaO2
70 -100 mmHg
ABG SaO2
95-100%
ABG HCO3 Bicarbonate
22-26 mEq/L
respiratory acidosis
Low pH, high PaCO2. (Compensation: Look for an elevated HCO3- (bicarbonate). The
kidneys retain more HCO3- to offset the high CO2.
- Partial Compensation**: HCO3- is elevated but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation**: HCO3- is elevated enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal)
respiratory alkalosis
High pH, low PaCO2. (Compensation: Look for a decreased HCO3- level. The kidneys
excrete more HCO3- to counteract the low CO2.
,- Partial Compensation: HCO3- is decreased but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: HCO3- is decreased enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal.)
metabolic acidosis
Low pH, low HCO3. (Compensation: Look for a decreased PaCO2. The lungs expel
more CO2 to balance the low HCO3-.
- Partial Compensation: PaCO2 is decreased but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: PaCO2 is decreased enough to bring the pH back to normal
or near normal.)
metabolic alkalosis
High pH, high HCO3-. (Compensation**: Look for an elevated PaCO2. The lungs retain
more CO2 to balance the high HCO3-.
- Partial Compensation: PaCO2 is elevated but the pH is still abnormal.
- Complete Compensation: PaCO2 is elevated enough to bring the pH back to normal or
near normal.)
Risk factors for asthma
- Environmental factors
- Housing conditions
- Health literacy
- Smoking in the house
- Difficulty accessing primary healthcare providers
Asthma signs and symptoms
,- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Difficulty breathing
- Chest tightness
Asthma Prevention
- Identify asthma triggers
- Stay away from allergens and smoke
- Vaccinations
- Medications
- Prevent colds
- Education
Asthma Treatment
- Short acting beta agonists (SABA) - symptom relief
- Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatory
- Long acting beta agonists - severe/persistent cases
- Oxygen therapy
Chemotherapy
the use of non-selective cytotoxic drugs which target vital cellular or metabolic
processes essential for cell growth and replication
Types of Chemotherapy
- Alkylating agents - prevents cells from dividing
- Antimetabolites - prevent cancer cells making more cancer cells
- Cytotoxic antibiotics
, - Vinca alkaloids - drug that blocks cell growth
- Multiple drug agents (combination therapy)
Side effects of chemotherapy
- Fatigue
- Reduced blood cell numbers
- Impaired wound healing
- Nausea/vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Alopecia
- Sterility
- Growth depression in children
- GI mucosal damage
- Teratogenicity
Immune system effects of chemo
Chemotherapy can cause neutropenia (dec number of neutrophils (WBC) in your
blood). This means your body cannot fight infections as normal.
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood
flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery.
stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress
unstable angina
