CPNRE CHAPTER 8 - PEDIATRIC
NURSING EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025 UPDATE.
three primary functions of the family - ANS 1. provide physical care (food, clothing, shelter,
safety, illness prevention
2. educating/training language, values, morals, education
3. protecting psychological/emotional health
erikson's theory of psychosocial development - ANS 1. trust vs mistrust (birth-1)
-trust vs neglect
2. autonomy vs shame (1-3)
-independence vs things interfering with child feeling adequacy
3. initiative vs guilt (3-5)
-assert power by leading play vs
4. industry vs inferiority (6-11)
-sense of accomplishment vs failure
5. identify vs confusion (12-18)
-clarification of who you are vs failure of society to give define role
6. intimacy vs isolation (19-35)
-relationships vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation (35-50)
-mentor vs self absorbed
8. ego integrity vs despair (50+)
-acceptance of life vs living in past
piagets theory of cognitive development - ANS 1. sensorimotor (0-2)
-experience world through senses, actions, imitation
-object permanence & stranger anxiety
2. preoperational (2-6)
-words/images
-lack logical reasoning, magical thinking
-egocentric, pretend play
-non reversibility
3. concrete operational (7-11)
-logical thinking, consider other POV
4. formal operational (12-adult)
-abstract reasoning, logic, moral reasoning
kohlbergs theory of moral development - ANS 1. preconventional
-do what is right r/t fear of punishment
-do what is right for gains
2. conventional
,-gain approval/avoid disapproval
3. post conventional
-do what is right even if against law bc law is restrictive
-achieve justice
cleft lip and palate - ANS congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a
fissure)
cleft lip and palate symptoms - ANS cleft lip
-notched vermilion border
-dental abnormalities
cleft palate
-midline/bilateral cleft
-extension from uvula, exposed nasal cavities
cleft lip and palate treatment - ANS -surgery to repair lip at 3-6 months
-surgery to repair palate at 1 year depending on size of child
-recurrent otitis media treated
-modified feeding techniques
gastroesophageal reflux - ANS regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus
-r/t emesis, failure to thrive, aspiration pneumonia, coughing, choking, dyspnea
-diagnosed by barium swallow, upper GI series, ultrasound, endoscopy
gastroesophageal reflux symtoms - ANS -emesis after meals
-hiccups
-reccurent otitis media from secretions pooled in nasopharynx
-irritability
gastroesophageal reflux treatment - ANS -small frequent feedings
-protein content should be broken down
-infant in prone position with head elevated or ride side lying
-antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protectants
-surgery (fundoplication) to prevent future reflex
hirschsprung disease - ANS distention of lower colon r/t lack of nerve cells in colon wall
-diagnosed by barium enema, rectal biopsy
hirschsprung disease symptoms - ANS -constipation
-lack of meconium in first 24 hours
-abdominal distention
-bile stained mucus and emesis
-inadequate weight gain
hirschsprung disease treatment - ANS -bowel resection with temp colostomy
-NG tube to low suction
, -axillary temp not rectal
-NPO, IV fluids and electrolytes
-observe for rectal bleeding, abdominal distension
omphalocele - ANS abdominal organs protrude through opening in abdominal wall
-keep omphalocele covered with sterile moist gauze until srugery where organs are returned back
-post surgery mechanical ventilation, NG, parenteral nutrition
imperforate anus - ANS a congenital defect in which the rectal opening is missing or blocked
-no stools in first 24hrs/cannot take rectal temp
-diagnosed by rectal exam, xray, endoscopy
-surgery to reconnect ends of rectum and form anal opening
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula - ANS -upper esophagus does not connect to
lower
-lower esophagus connects to trachea via fistula
-diagnosed by NG tube down esophagus to test for patency
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula symptoms - ANS -excessive salivation/drooling
-coughing/choking during feedings
-regurgitation of feedings
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula treatment - ANS -NPO with IV fluids
-suctioning nose/mouth
-NG tube to drain mucus/fluid
-antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia
-surgical repair to reconnect ends of esophagus
intusseception - ANS telescoping/prolapse of one bowel portion to distal portion
-ileocecal valve common site
-occurring between 3-12 months
-barium enema to diagnose
intussusception symptoms - ANS -pallar/colicky pain causing infant to cry and raise legs up
-vomiting
-bloody/mucus stool
-shock
intussusception treatment - ANS -hydrostatic reduction by enema with water soluble
contrast/barium and air pressure
-NG tube to remove gastric contents/decompress
-NPO, IV fluids and electrolytes
-observe for passage of brown stool -> issue has resolved on its own
hydrocephalus - ANS abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
-r/t obstruction of CSF, impaired absorption of CSF in subarchnoid space
NURSING EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025 UPDATE.
three primary functions of the family - ANS 1. provide physical care (food, clothing, shelter,
safety, illness prevention
2. educating/training language, values, morals, education
3. protecting psychological/emotional health
erikson's theory of psychosocial development - ANS 1. trust vs mistrust (birth-1)
-trust vs neglect
2. autonomy vs shame (1-3)
-independence vs things interfering with child feeling adequacy
3. initiative vs guilt (3-5)
-assert power by leading play vs
4. industry vs inferiority (6-11)
-sense of accomplishment vs failure
5. identify vs confusion (12-18)
-clarification of who you are vs failure of society to give define role
6. intimacy vs isolation (19-35)
-relationships vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation (35-50)
-mentor vs self absorbed
8. ego integrity vs despair (50+)
-acceptance of life vs living in past
piagets theory of cognitive development - ANS 1. sensorimotor (0-2)
-experience world through senses, actions, imitation
-object permanence & stranger anxiety
2. preoperational (2-6)
-words/images
-lack logical reasoning, magical thinking
-egocentric, pretend play
-non reversibility
3. concrete operational (7-11)
-logical thinking, consider other POV
4. formal operational (12-adult)
-abstract reasoning, logic, moral reasoning
kohlbergs theory of moral development - ANS 1. preconventional
-do what is right r/t fear of punishment
-do what is right for gains
2. conventional
,-gain approval/avoid disapproval
3. post conventional
-do what is right even if against law bc law is restrictive
-achieve justice
cleft lip and palate - ANS congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a
fissure)
cleft lip and palate symptoms - ANS cleft lip
-notched vermilion border
-dental abnormalities
cleft palate
-midline/bilateral cleft
-extension from uvula, exposed nasal cavities
cleft lip and palate treatment - ANS -surgery to repair lip at 3-6 months
-surgery to repair palate at 1 year depending on size of child
-recurrent otitis media treated
-modified feeding techniques
gastroesophageal reflux - ANS regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus
-r/t emesis, failure to thrive, aspiration pneumonia, coughing, choking, dyspnea
-diagnosed by barium swallow, upper GI series, ultrasound, endoscopy
gastroesophageal reflux symtoms - ANS -emesis after meals
-hiccups
-reccurent otitis media from secretions pooled in nasopharynx
-irritability
gastroesophageal reflux treatment - ANS -small frequent feedings
-protein content should be broken down
-infant in prone position with head elevated or ride side lying
-antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protectants
-surgery (fundoplication) to prevent future reflex
hirschsprung disease - ANS distention of lower colon r/t lack of nerve cells in colon wall
-diagnosed by barium enema, rectal biopsy
hirschsprung disease symptoms - ANS -constipation
-lack of meconium in first 24 hours
-abdominal distention
-bile stained mucus and emesis
-inadequate weight gain
hirschsprung disease treatment - ANS -bowel resection with temp colostomy
-NG tube to low suction
, -axillary temp not rectal
-NPO, IV fluids and electrolytes
-observe for rectal bleeding, abdominal distension
omphalocele - ANS abdominal organs protrude through opening in abdominal wall
-keep omphalocele covered with sterile moist gauze until srugery where organs are returned back
-post surgery mechanical ventilation, NG, parenteral nutrition
imperforate anus - ANS a congenital defect in which the rectal opening is missing or blocked
-no stools in first 24hrs/cannot take rectal temp
-diagnosed by rectal exam, xray, endoscopy
-surgery to reconnect ends of rectum and form anal opening
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula - ANS -upper esophagus does not connect to
lower
-lower esophagus connects to trachea via fistula
-diagnosed by NG tube down esophagus to test for patency
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula symptoms - ANS -excessive salivation/drooling
-coughing/choking during feedings
-regurgitation of feedings
esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula treatment - ANS -NPO with IV fluids
-suctioning nose/mouth
-NG tube to drain mucus/fluid
-antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia
-surgical repair to reconnect ends of esophagus
intusseception - ANS telescoping/prolapse of one bowel portion to distal portion
-ileocecal valve common site
-occurring between 3-12 months
-barium enema to diagnose
intussusception symptoms - ANS -pallar/colicky pain causing infant to cry and raise legs up
-vomiting
-bloody/mucus stool
-shock
intussusception treatment - ANS -hydrostatic reduction by enema with water soluble
contrast/barium and air pressure
-NG tube to remove gastric contents/decompress
-NPO, IV fluids and electrolytes
-observe for passage of brown stool -> issue has resolved on its own
hydrocephalus - ANS abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
-r/t obstruction of CSF, impaired absorption of CSF in subarchnoid space
