,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
CHAPTER 2 F
PRISONS (1800 TO THE PRESENT)
F F F F
CHAPTERfOVERVIEW
• Thefstudentfshouldfrememberfthatfcorrectionsfmustfalwaysfaskfthefquestionf“Whofarefoffend
ersfandfwhatfarefwefexpectedftofdofwithfthem?”fThefmostfcommonfschoolsfoffthoughtsfarefth
effollowing:fOffendersfaref(1)fevilfandfmustfbefpunished,f(2)foutfofftouchfwithfGodfandfneedft
ofrepent,f(3)funeducatedfandfillftrainedftoffunctionfinfmodernfsociety,fandf(4)fsickfandfinfneedf
offbeingfcured.fThefanswersftofthesefquestionsfarefcommonlyfknownfasfthefpunishment,frefor
m,feducation,fandfmedicalfmodelsfoffcorrections.fInftheffinalfpartfoffthisfchapter,fwefexploreft
hefphilosophicalffoundationsfonfwhichfthesefmodelsfwerefconstructedfandfexplainfsomefoffth
efrationalesfunderlyingfcurrentfcorrectionalfdevelopments.fItfisfessentialfforfthefstudentftofun
derstandfwhyfthisfnationfhasfenteredfintofanfagefoffmassivefchangefinfpublicfacceptancefoffcri
mefandfcriminalfandfprisonfoperations,fwhatfgoalsfarefbeingfsought,fandfwhatfmightfbefthefim
plicationsfoffthefadoptionfoffnewfprograms,foperations,fandffacilities.fWefbeginfwithftheftwof
majorfcompetingfconceptsforfsystemsfthatfevolvedfandffoughtfforfprisonfdesignsfandfconstru
ctionfinfthefUnitedfStatesfforfthefmajorityfofftheftwentiethfcentury.
CHAPTERfOBJECTIVES
• Summarizefthefdefinition,fmission,fandfrolefoffcorrectionsffromf1790funtilf1910.
• ComparefandfcontrastfthefPennsylvaniafandfAuburnfsystems.
• ExplainfwhyfthefAuburnfsystemfbecamefthefdominantfprisonfdesign.
• Describefprisonfdevelopmentffromfthefreformatoryferaftofthefmodernfera.
LECTUREfOUTLINE
• WhatfIsfthefEmergingfRolefoffCorrections?
o Sincefthefearlyfdatesfoff2000fB.C.ftofpresent,fcorrectionsfassumedfmanyfadditionalfg
oals:freformingflawfoffenders,fprotectingfsocietyfthroughfincarceration,freducingflat
erfcriminalfoffending,feducatingfandftrainingfoffpersonsfwithoutfthefnecessaryfskillsft
ofexistfinfincreasinglyfcomplexfsocieties,fmakingfthefsickfwell,fpreparingfoffendersff
orfreleasefbackfintofthefcommunity,fsupervisingfoffendersfwhenfreleased,fandfafwidef
varietyfoffcrimefpreventionfprograms.
• ThefPennsylvaniafSystem
o ThefWalnutfStreetfJailfhadfbeenffairlyfeffectivefforfafdecade,fandfthefearlierfPen
nsylvaniafsystemfwasfcopiedfextensivelyfinfbothfarchitecturalfdesignfandfadmin
istration.
o ThefEasternfPenitentiaryfbecamefthefmodelfandfprimaryfexponentfoffthefPe
nnsylvania,forf“separate,”fsystem.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“LetfthefDoorsfBefMadefoffIron.”fAfvideofoffthefhist
oryfoffthefEasternfPennsylvaniafPrison.fHalfKirnfandfAssociates,f2122fWallacefStr
eet,fPhiladelphia,fPA.f(215)f236-3777.
• ThefAuburnfSystem
o ThefAuburnfprisonfadministratorsfdevelopedfafsystemfthatfwasfalmostfthefop
positefoffthatfusedfatfthefEasternfPenitentiary.
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
o AfnewfstylefoffdisciplinefwasfinauguratedfatfAuburnfthatfbecamefknownfasfthefAu
burn,forf“congregate,”fsystem.
o DisciplinefatfAuburn
▪ ThefdisciplinefregimenfatfAuburnfincludedfcongregatefworkfinfthefshopsfdur
ingfthefday,fseparationfoffprisonersfintofsmallfindividualfcellsfatfnight,fsilenc
efatfallftimes,flockstepfmarchingfformations,fandfafcongregatefmealfatfwhichf
thefprisonersfsatfface-to-back.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“HistoryfoffSingfSingfPrison”f(1997).f68fminutes.
• PrisonfCompetition
o Thefpersuasivefpowerfoffeconomicsffinallyfdecidedfthefbattle,fandfthefcongregatefsy
stemfwasfadoptedfinfalmostfallfotherfAmericanfprisons,fevenfinfPennsylvania.
• EconomicsfWinsfOut
o Itfwasfthefprofitfmotivefthatfdeterminedfthefoutcomefoffthefcompetitionfbetweenfthef
twofsystems,fandfthefAuburnfsystemfbecamefthefdominantfformfoffprisonsfinfthefnex
tfcentury.
• PrisonfRules
o Itfisfnotftoofhardftofunderstandfwhyfrulesfandfproceduresfemphasizedfthefsmoothfand
fundisturbed foperationfoffthefprisonfratherfthanfthefmodificationfoffthefindividualfpr
isoner’sfbehavior.
o Thefimpositionfoffsilencefwasfseenfasfthefmostfimportantfpartfoffthefdisciplinefpro
gram.
o AnotherfbizarrefformfoffdisciplinefthatfwasfdevelopedfatfAuburnfwasftheflockstepffor
mation.
o ThefusefoffdegradingfprisonfgarbfwasfalsofinitiatedfatfAuburnfandfSingfSing.
o Onefoffthefearliestfandfmostfwell-
knownfformsfoffprisonfdisciplinefwasfthef“prisonfwithinfafprison,”forfsolitaryf
confinement,fusedfasfpunishmentfforfviolationfoffinstitutionalfrules.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“SanfQuentin:fInsidefthefBigfHouse.”f(2001).
CambridgefEducational,f51-minutes.f1-800-468-4227
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“SolitaryfConfinementfExclusive”f(2010).f50fmi
nutesf(http://shop.nationalgeographic.com)
• ChangefinfthefWind
o MaconochiefandfCrofton:fAfNewfApproach
▪ TogetherfMaconochiefandfCroftonflaidftheffoundationfforfreformativefra
therfthanfpurelyfpunitivefprogramsfforftheftreatmentfoffcriminals.
o MaconochiefandfthefIndeterminatefSentence
▪ Inf1840,fCaptainfMaconochiefwasfputfinfchargefoffthefBritishfpenalfcol
onyfonfNorfolkfIsland
▪ Hefdevelopedfaf“markfsystem”fwherebyfafconvictfcouldfearnffreedomfbyfha
rdfworkfandfgoodfbehavior,fthusfcreatingfthefindeterminatefsentence.
o CroftonfandfthefIrishfSystem
▪ SirfWalterfCroftonfoffIrelandfusedfthatfconceptfinfdevelopingfwhatfhefcall
edfthef“indeterminatefsystem,”fwhichfcameftofbefknownfasfthefIrishfsyste
m.
• ThefReformatoryfEraf(1870–1910)
o TheffirstfreformatoryfinfAmericafwasfbuiltfinf1876finfElmirafNewfYorkfand
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
becamefthefmodelfforfallfthosefthatffollowed.
o ThefonlyfrealfdifferencesfbetweenfthefprogramsfatfElmirafandfthosefatfthefadultfpriso
nsfwerefthefemphasisfonfreformingfyouth,fincreasedfacademicfeducation,fandfmorefex
tensiveftradeftraining.
o Althoughftheftwofmainfcontributionsfoffthefreformatoryferafwerefthefindeterminatefs
entencefandfparole,fthefseedsfoffeducation,fvocationalftraining,fandfindividualfrehabil
itationfhadfbeenfsown.
• Post–CivilfWarfPrisons
o InfthefSouth,fdevastatedfbyfthefCivilfWar,fthefpenitentiaryfsystemfhadfbeenfvirt
uallyfwipedfout.
o Somefstatesfattemptedftofsolveftheirfprisonfproblemsfbyfleasingfoutftheirfentirefco
nvictfpopulationftofcontractors,fwhichfbecamefknownfasfthefleasefsystem.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“CCI:fAfCasefStudyfoffafSouthernfPrison.”fPri
nceton,fNJ.fFilmsfforfthefHumanitiesfandfScience.f(800)f257-5126.
• ThefTwentiethfCenturyfandfthefIndustrialfPrison
o ThefintroductionfoffhandicraftsfintofthefsolitaryfEasternfPenitentiaryfcellsfre
presentedftheforiginfoffprisonfindustriesfinfAmerica.
o Thefindustrialfprisonfcanfcreditfitsforiginsftofthefprofitsfturnedfbyftheffirstfstatefpris
ons.
o Thefbeginningfoffthefendfforflarge-
scalefprisonfindustries,fwhichfkeptfinmatesfemployedfinfsomefkindfoffwork,fwasf
thefenactmentfofftwoffederalflawsfcontrollingfthefcharacterfoffprisonfproducts.
• ThefPeriodfoffTransitionf(1935–1960)
o Thefquarterfcenturyfbetweenf1935fandf1960fwasfonefoffgreatfturmoilfinfthefpris
ons.
o ThefU.S.fBureaufoffPrisonsfgraduallyfemergedfasfthefnationalfleaderfinfcorrections,fi
ntroducingfmanyfnewfconceptsfthatfhavefbeenfcopiedfbyfstatefsystems.fTwofmajorfco
ntributionsfwerefdiagnosisfandfclassificationfandfthefusefoffprofessionalfpersonnel,fs
uchfasfpsychiatristsfandfpsychologists,ftofhelpfrehabilitatefinmates.
o Asfthefprisonfindustriesfdiedfout,friotsfbeganftoftakefplacefmorefregularly,faddingfevi
denceftoftheftheoryfthatfenforcedfidlenessfcausesfrestlessnessfandfdiscontentfamongf
prisoners.
• ThefModernfEra
o Thef“modernfera”foffcorrectionsfisfgenerallyfconsideredftofhavefbegunfaboutf19
60,fandfitfwasfcharacterizedfbyfafpatternfoffchangefthatfwasftofhighlightfthefnextfd
ecade.
• NewfEmphasesfEmergefinfCorrections
o Newfemphasesfbeganftofbefdevelopedfinfcorrections,fnotfthefleastfoffwhichfwasfthef
dominantfthemefoffproducingfgoodsfatflessfcostfthanfcompetitorsfcould,fprimarilyf
becausefinmatesfwerefnotfpaidfforftheirftimefinfthefproduction.
• InternallyfSoughtfReform
o Beginningfaboutf1966,fthefnaturefoffthefdemandsfchangedffromfthosefinvolvingfba
sicfconditionsftofthosefconcerningfbasicfrights.
o ThefPrisonfPopulationfBoom
▪ Thisfpopulationfboomfresultedffromffearfoffcrime35ffueledfbyfpoliticians,
mynursytest.store
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
CHAPTER 2 F
PRISONS (1800 TO THE PRESENT)
F F F F
CHAPTERfOVERVIEW
• Thefstudentfshouldfrememberfthatfcorrectionsfmustfalwaysfaskfthefquestionf“Whofarefoffend
ersfandfwhatfarefwefexpectedftofdofwithfthem?”fThefmostfcommonfschoolsfoffthoughtsfarefth
effollowing:fOffendersfaref(1)fevilfandfmustfbefpunished,f(2)foutfofftouchfwithfGodfandfneedft
ofrepent,f(3)funeducatedfandfillftrainedftoffunctionfinfmodernfsociety,fandf(4)fsickfandfinfneedf
offbeingfcured.fThefanswersftofthesefquestionsfarefcommonlyfknownfasfthefpunishment,frefor
m,feducation,fandfmedicalfmodelsfoffcorrections.fInftheffinalfpartfoffthisfchapter,fwefexploreft
hefphilosophicalffoundationsfonfwhichfthesefmodelsfwerefconstructedfandfexplainfsomefoffth
efrationalesfunderlyingfcurrentfcorrectionalfdevelopments.fItfisfessentialfforfthefstudentftofun
derstandfwhyfthisfnationfhasfenteredfintofanfagefoffmassivefchangefinfpublicfacceptancefoffcri
mefandfcriminalfandfprisonfoperations,fwhatfgoalsfarefbeingfsought,fandfwhatfmightfbefthefim
plicationsfoffthefadoptionfoffnewfprograms,foperations,fandffacilities.fWefbeginfwithftheftwof
majorfcompetingfconceptsforfsystemsfthatfevolvedfandffoughtfforfprisonfdesignsfandfconstru
ctionfinfthefUnitedfStatesfforfthefmajorityfofftheftwentiethfcentury.
CHAPTERfOBJECTIVES
• Summarizefthefdefinition,fmission,fandfrolefoffcorrectionsffromf1790funtilf1910.
• ComparefandfcontrastfthefPennsylvaniafandfAuburnfsystems.
• ExplainfwhyfthefAuburnfsystemfbecamefthefdominantfprisonfdesign.
• Describefprisonfdevelopmentffromfthefreformatoryferaftofthefmodernfera.
LECTUREfOUTLINE
• WhatfIsfthefEmergingfRolefoffCorrections?
o Sincefthefearlyfdatesfoff2000fB.C.ftofpresent,fcorrectionsfassumedfmanyfadditionalfg
oals:freformingflawfoffenders,fprotectingfsocietyfthroughfincarceration,freducingflat
erfcriminalfoffending,feducatingfandftrainingfoffpersonsfwithoutfthefnecessaryfskillsft
ofexistfinfincreasinglyfcomplexfsocieties,fmakingfthefsickfwell,fpreparingfoffendersff
orfreleasefbackfintofthefcommunity,fsupervisingfoffendersfwhenfreleased,fandfafwidef
varietyfoffcrimefpreventionfprograms.
• ThefPennsylvaniafSystem
o ThefWalnutfStreetfJailfhadfbeenffairlyfeffectivefforfafdecade,fandfthefearlierfPen
nsylvaniafsystemfwasfcopiedfextensivelyfinfbothfarchitecturalfdesignfandfadmin
istration.
o ThefEasternfPenitentiaryfbecamefthefmodelfandfprimaryfexponentfoffthefPe
nnsylvania,forf“separate,”fsystem.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“LetfthefDoorsfBefMadefoffIron.”fAfvideofoffthefhist
oryfoffthefEasternfPennsylvaniafPrison.fHalfKirnfandfAssociates,f2122fWallacefStr
eet,fPhiladelphia,fPA.f(215)f236-3777.
• ThefAuburnfSystem
o ThefAuburnfprisonfadministratorsfdevelopedfafsystemfthatfwasfalmostfthefop
positefoffthatfusedfatfthefEasternfPenitentiary.
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
o AfnewfstylefoffdisciplinefwasfinauguratedfatfAuburnfthatfbecamefknownfasfthefAu
burn,forf“congregate,”fsystem.
o DisciplinefatfAuburn
▪ ThefdisciplinefregimenfatfAuburnfincludedfcongregatefworkfinfthefshopsfdur
ingfthefday,fseparationfoffprisonersfintofsmallfindividualfcellsfatfnight,fsilenc
efatfallftimes,flockstepfmarchingfformations,fandfafcongregatefmealfatfwhichf
thefprisonersfsatfface-to-back.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“HistoryfoffSingfSingfPrison”f(1997).f68fminutes.
• PrisonfCompetition
o Thefpersuasivefpowerfoffeconomicsffinallyfdecidedfthefbattle,fandfthefcongregatefsy
stemfwasfadoptedfinfalmostfallfotherfAmericanfprisons,fevenfinfPennsylvania.
• EconomicsfWinsfOut
o Itfwasfthefprofitfmotivefthatfdeterminedfthefoutcomefoffthefcompetitionfbetweenfthef
twofsystems,fandfthefAuburnfsystemfbecamefthefdominantfformfoffprisonsfinfthefnex
tfcentury.
• PrisonfRules
o Itfisfnotftoofhardftofunderstandfwhyfrulesfandfproceduresfemphasizedfthefsmoothfand
fundisturbed foperationfoffthefprisonfratherfthanfthefmodificationfoffthefindividualfpr
isoner’sfbehavior.
o Thefimpositionfoffsilencefwasfseenfasfthefmostfimportantfpartfoffthefdisciplinefpro
gram.
o AnotherfbizarrefformfoffdisciplinefthatfwasfdevelopedfatfAuburnfwasftheflockstepffor
mation.
o ThefusefoffdegradingfprisonfgarbfwasfalsofinitiatedfatfAuburnfandfSingfSing.
o Onefoffthefearliestfandfmostfwell-
knownfformsfoffprisonfdisciplinefwasfthef“prisonfwithinfafprison,”forfsolitaryf
confinement,fusedfasfpunishmentfforfviolationfoffinstitutionalfrules.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“SanfQuentin:fInsidefthefBigfHouse.”f(2001).
CambridgefEducational,f51-minutes.f1-800-468-4227
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“SolitaryfConfinementfExclusive”f(2010).f50fmi
nutesf(http://shop.nationalgeographic.com)
• ChangefinfthefWind
o MaconochiefandfCrofton:fAfNewfApproach
▪ TogetherfMaconochiefandfCroftonflaidftheffoundationfforfreformativefra
therfthanfpurelyfpunitivefprogramsfforftheftreatmentfoffcriminals.
o MaconochiefandfthefIndeterminatefSentence
▪ Inf1840,fCaptainfMaconochiefwasfputfinfchargefoffthefBritishfpenalfcol
onyfonfNorfolkfIsland
▪ Hefdevelopedfaf“markfsystem”fwherebyfafconvictfcouldfearnffreedomfbyfha
rdfworkfandfgoodfbehavior,fthusfcreatingfthefindeterminatefsentence.
o CroftonfandfthefIrishfSystem
▪ SirfWalterfCroftonfoffIrelandfusedfthatfconceptfinfdevelopingfwhatfhefcall
edfthef“indeterminatefsystem,”fwhichfcameftofbefknownfasfthefIrishfsyste
m.
• ThefReformatoryfEraf(1870–1910)
o TheffirstfreformatoryfinfAmericafwasfbuiltfinf1876finfElmirafNewfYorkfand
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Editio
f f f f f f f f f f f
n Allen f
becamefthefmodelfforfallfthosefthatffollowed.
o ThefonlyfrealfdifferencesfbetweenfthefprogramsfatfElmirafandfthosefatfthefadultfpriso
nsfwerefthefemphasisfonfreformingfyouth,fincreasedfacademicfeducation,fandfmorefex
tensiveftradeftraining.
o Althoughftheftwofmainfcontributionsfoffthefreformatoryferafwerefthefindeterminatefs
entencefandfparole,fthefseedsfoffeducation,fvocationalftraining,fandfindividualfrehabil
itationfhadfbeenfsown.
• Post–CivilfWarfPrisons
o InfthefSouth,fdevastatedfbyfthefCivilfWar,fthefpenitentiaryfsystemfhadfbeenfvirt
uallyfwipedfout.
o Somefstatesfattemptedftofsolveftheirfprisonfproblemsfbyfleasingfoutftheirfentirefco
nvictfpopulationftofcontractors,fwhichfbecamefknownfasfthefleasefsystem.
o TeachingfTip:fShowfthefvideof“CCI:fAfCasefStudyfoffafSouthernfPrison.”fPri
nceton,fNJ.fFilmsfforfthefHumanitiesfandfScience.f(800)f257-5126.
• ThefTwentiethfCenturyfandfthefIndustrialfPrison
o ThefintroductionfoffhandicraftsfintofthefsolitaryfEasternfPenitentiaryfcellsfre
presentedftheforiginfoffprisonfindustriesfinfAmerica.
o Thefindustrialfprisonfcanfcreditfitsforiginsftofthefprofitsfturnedfbyftheffirstfstatefpris
ons.
o Thefbeginningfoffthefendfforflarge-
scalefprisonfindustries,fwhichfkeptfinmatesfemployedfinfsomefkindfoffwork,fwasf
thefenactmentfofftwoffederalflawsfcontrollingfthefcharacterfoffprisonfproducts.
• ThefPeriodfoffTransitionf(1935–1960)
o Thefquarterfcenturyfbetweenf1935fandf1960fwasfonefoffgreatfturmoilfinfthefpris
ons.
o ThefU.S.fBureaufoffPrisonsfgraduallyfemergedfasfthefnationalfleaderfinfcorrections,fi
ntroducingfmanyfnewfconceptsfthatfhavefbeenfcopiedfbyfstatefsystems.fTwofmajorfco
ntributionsfwerefdiagnosisfandfclassificationfandfthefusefoffprofessionalfpersonnel,fs
uchfasfpsychiatristsfandfpsychologists,ftofhelpfrehabilitatefinmates.
o Asfthefprisonfindustriesfdiedfout,friotsfbeganftoftakefplacefmorefregularly,faddingfevi
denceftoftheftheoryfthatfenforcedfidlenessfcausesfrestlessnessfandfdiscontentfamongf
prisoners.
• ThefModernfEra
o Thef“modernfera”foffcorrectionsfisfgenerallyfconsideredftofhavefbegunfaboutf19
60,fandfitfwasfcharacterizedfbyfafpatternfoffchangefthatfwasftofhighlightfthefnextfd
ecade.
• NewfEmphasesfEmergefinfCorrections
o Newfemphasesfbeganftofbefdevelopedfinfcorrections,fnotfthefleastfoffwhichfwasfthef
dominantfthemefoffproducingfgoodsfatflessfcostfthanfcompetitorsfcould,fprimarilyf
becausefinmatesfwerefnotfpaidfforftheirftimefinfthefproduction.
• InternallyfSoughtfReform
o Beginningfaboutf1966,fthefnaturefoffthefdemandsfchangedffromfthosefinvolvingfba
sicfconditionsftofthosefconcerningfbasicfrights.
o ThefPrisonfPopulationfBoom
▪ Thisfpopulationfboomfresultedffromffearfoffcrime35ffueledfbyfpoliticians,
mynursytest.store
