PHC 4470 Quiz 2 Exam With Verified Answers
Health behaviors are tied to Self-Efficacy - ANSWER -One's confidence in one's ability to
take action or to change a health-related behavior.
-The link between neighborhoods and self-efficacy.
-Neighborhoods tend to reflect many features of social class, and individuals from
relatively similar social class positions tend to cluster together within neighborhoods.
-Neighborhoods can also be characterized by physical or social disorder.
-Neighborhood disadvantage and advantage are linked to health outcomes.
Value - ANSWER -Expectancy theories assume that people will change a behavior if they
anticipate the personal benefits derived from the outcome will outweigh any costs
incurred by enacting the behavior. Also account for the perception of immediate vs.
delayed benefits.
-Individuals will make a risk versus reward determination.
-COSTS and BENEFITS: may be social, emotional, physical, or financial.
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) has a dual focus: - ANSWER -The TRA theorizes
that BELIEFS about health behaviors and social influences are equally important in
shaping behavioral intent.
"Attitude toward the health behavior" - ANSWER -First construct of TRA
-Centered on beliefs, which combine to form attitudes: once a person considers all
relevant behavioral beliefs toward a very specific health behavior and evaluates each
belief as being good or bad, then attitude formation takes place.
"Subjective norms" - ANSWER -Implies that individuals are motivated by their
perceptions of what is considered normative and acceptable to others whose opinions
they care about. There is more to an individual health change than simply the individual,
there is also the social element. Normative beliefs may be weighed by an individual's
motivation to comply with the referent source.
Referent Source - ANSWER The source of the normative belief.
Ex: spouse, friend, parent, doctor
TRA - ANSWER -Theorizes that an individual will first identify all relevant normative
beliefs and then weigh each normative behavior by the level of motivation to comply with
the referent source.
-Both attitude toward health behavior and subjective norms independently contribute to
, the formation of behavioral intent. The decision to adopt a given health protective
behavior.
Measures of intent include: - ANSWER 1. Time Frame for performance of the behavior.
2. An Exact Description of the action that describes the behavior.
3. The Desired Outcome of the behavior.
4. The Context of the behavior.
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - ANSWER -Simply the TRA with an added
construct: Perceived Behavioral Cotnrol. This is concerned with the extent to which a
person or a group of people perceive that they are able to control the outcome of the
behavior. Perceived behavioral control is not the same as self-efficacy. Self- efficacy is
linked to task-specific perception of personal ability. Perceived behavior control is
based on external factors that influence an individual's decision making and their
cognitive evaluation of those factors.
-External factors can either be facilitating or inhibiting to the decision making process.
A Facilitating factor is any actual or perceived external factor that increases the
likelihood of engaging in the desired or targeted behavior.
-An Inhibiting factor is any actual or perceived external factor that may inhibit
performance or a behavior.
The TPB - ANSWER -Theorizes that the strength of influence or the Perceived Power of
these factors (facilitating or inhibiting) affects the process of adopting a
health-protective behavior.
-The perceived strength/power is the degree to which the facilitating or inhibiting factor
affects the decision-making process.
Fear - ANSWER -At the very basic level fear is a chain reaction in the brain that starts
when faces with a stressful stimulus and ends with the release of chemicals. Fear
assessment is relative and varies by individual.
Perceived Threat - ANSWER Defined as the combination of the perception of a
threatening stimulus and perceived susceptibility to the stimulus.
Public health professionals hypothesized it might be possible to harness the power of
fear responses to modify health risk behaviors. Ex: if people feared certain disease
outcomes, they might take action to avoid them
Health Belief Model (HBM) - ANSWER -Suggests that 2 constructs have an independent
influence on health behavior: perceived threat and expected net gain of adopting a
health behavior.
-A value expectancy model where the likelihood of action is determined by the perceived
Health behaviors are tied to Self-Efficacy - ANSWER -One's confidence in one's ability to
take action or to change a health-related behavior.
-The link between neighborhoods and self-efficacy.
-Neighborhoods tend to reflect many features of social class, and individuals from
relatively similar social class positions tend to cluster together within neighborhoods.
-Neighborhoods can also be characterized by physical or social disorder.
-Neighborhood disadvantage and advantage are linked to health outcomes.
Value - ANSWER -Expectancy theories assume that people will change a behavior if they
anticipate the personal benefits derived from the outcome will outweigh any costs
incurred by enacting the behavior. Also account for the perception of immediate vs.
delayed benefits.
-Individuals will make a risk versus reward determination.
-COSTS and BENEFITS: may be social, emotional, physical, or financial.
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) has a dual focus: - ANSWER -The TRA theorizes
that BELIEFS about health behaviors and social influences are equally important in
shaping behavioral intent.
"Attitude toward the health behavior" - ANSWER -First construct of TRA
-Centered on beliefs, which combine to form attitudes: once a person considers all
relevant behavioral beliefs toward a very specific health behavior and evaluates each
belief as being good or bad, then attitude formation takes place.
"Subjective norms" - ANSWER -Implies that individuals are motivated by their
perceptions of what is considered normative and acceptable to others whose opinions
they care about. There is more to an individual health change than simply the individual,
there is also the social element. Normative beliefs may be weighed by an individual's
motivation to comply with the referent source.
Referent Source - ANSWER The source of the normative belief.
Ex: spouse, friend, parent, doctor
TRA - ANSWER -Theorizes that an individual will first identify all relevant normative
beliefs and then weigh each normative behavior by the level of motivation to comply with
the referent source.
-Both attitude toward health behavior and subjective norms independently contribute to
, the formation of behavioral intent. The decision to adopt a given health protective
behavior.
Measures of intent include: - ANSWER 1. Time Frame for performance of the behavior.
2. An Exact Description of the action that describes the behavior.
3. The Desired Outcome of the behavior.
4. The Context of the behavior.
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - ANSWER -Simply the TRA with an added
construct: Perceived Behavioral Cotnrol. This is concerned with the extent to which a
person or a group of people perceive that they are able to control the outcome of the
behavior. Perceived behavioral control is not the same as self-efficacy. Self- efficacy is
linked to task-specific perception of personal ability. Perceived behavior control is
based on external factors that influence an individual's decision making and their
cognitive evaluation of those factors.
-External factors can either be facilitating or inhibiting to the decision making process.
A Facilitating factor is any actual or perceived external factor that increases the
likelihood of engaging in the desired or targeted behavior.
-An Inhibiting factor is any actual or perceived external factor that may inhibit
performance or a behavior.
The TPB - ANSWER -Theorizes that the strength of influence or the Perceived Power of
these factors (facilitating or inhibiting) affects the process of adopting a
health-protective behavior.
-The perceived strength/power is the degree to which the facilitating or inhibiting factor
affects the decision-making process.
Fear - ANSWER -At the very basic level fear is a chain reaction in the brain that starts
when faces with a stressful stimulus and ends with the release of chemicals. Fear
assessment is relative and varies by individual.
Perceived Threat - ANSWER Defined as the combination of the perception of a
threatening stimulus and perceived susceptibility to the stimulus.
Public health professionals hypothesized it might be possible to harness the power of
fear responses to modify health risk behaviors. Ex: if people feared certain disease
outcomes, they might take action to avoid them
Health Belief Model (HBM) - ANSWER -Suggests that 2 constructs have an independent
influence on health behavior: perceived threat and expected net gain of adopting a
health behavior.
-A value expectancy model where the likelihood of action is determined by the perceived
