PHC 4470 Final Exam A+ Graded
Which of the following statements best reflects the theoretical concept of Protection
Motivation Theory? - ANSWER Fear motivates people to change their behavior
What is attribution theory? - ANSWER There is a cause or explanation for what happens.
For our purposes, there is a cause or explanation for health behaviors/health outcomes.
What is causation affected by? - ANSWER Locus of Causality, Controllability, Stability
Locus of Causaltiy - ANSWER Refers to the location of the cause - whether it is internal
to the person or external to the environment
Controllability - ANSWER Refers to the extent to which a cause is under volitional; that
the cause can be changed or controlled by the person
Stability - ANSWER The extent to which a cause is stable (permanent) or unstable
(temporary)
Outcomes attributed to internal, controllable causes can lead to blame and
discrimination. - ANSWER True
The Transtheoretical Model of Change - ANSWER -Behavior change is a process that
occurs in stages
-Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance
-The five stages create at least four distinct transition challenges
-Processes of change: the cognitive and behavioral processes of change help us
understand how change occurs
Where might an individual be in the Precontemplation Stage? - ANSWER Unaware of the
problem (NO)
Where might an individual be in the Contemplation Stage? - ANSWER Aware of the
problem and the desired behavior change (MAYBE)
Where might an individual be in the Preparation Stage? - ANSWER Intending to take
action (PLAN)
Where might an individual be in the Action Stage - ANSWER Practicing the desired
behavior (DO)
Where might an individual be in the Maintenance Stage? - ANSWER Working to sustain
the behavior change (KEEP GOING)
, Processes and Stages of Change - Cognitive Processes - ANSWER Conscious raising,
dramatic relief/emotional arousal, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, social
liberation
Processes and Stages of Change - Behavioral Processes - ANSWER Stimulus control,
helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, self-liberation
Stage matching: moving from Pre-contemplation —> Contemplation - ANSWER
Conscious raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation
Stage matching: moving from Contemplation —> Preparation - ANSWER
Self-reevaluation, helping relationships, social liberation, dramatic relief
Stage matching: moving from Preparation —> Action - ANSWER Self-liberation
Stage matching: moving from Action —> Maintenance - ANSWER Stimulus control,
counterconditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement management
Conscious raising - ANSWER looking for information about the behavior
Dramatic relief - ANSWER Read warnings about health hazards of the behavior
Self-reevaluation - ANSWER Thinking about the dependence upon the behavior
Environmental reevaluation - ANSWER Thinking about how the behavior impacts the
surrounding environment
Social liberation - ANSWER Recognizing that public places encourage against or for a
behavior (ex: non smoking section)
Helping relationships - ANSWER Identify someone to talk to about the behavior
Counterconditioning - ANSWER Find something relaxing or enjoyable other than the
behavior
Reinforcement management - ANSWER Receive rewards from others for not
participating in the behavior
Stimulus control - ANSWER Remove triggers for the behavior from the environment
Self liberation - ANSWER Reminding oneself that they can quit/give up the behavior
What is fear appeal? - ANSWER -Persuasive messages designed to scare people by
describing the terrible things that will happen to them if they do not do what the
message recommends
-In public health, fear appeals are used to get individuals to adopt the recommended
health-protective behaviors.
Protection Motivation Theory - Threat Appraisal - ANSWER Assessment of personal
vulnerability and seriousness of a threat
Which of the following statements best reflects the theoretical concept of Protection
Motivation Theory? - ANSWER Fear motivates people to change their behavior
What is attribution theory? - ANSWER There is a cause or explanation for what happens.
For our purposes, there is a cause or explanation for health behaviors/health outcomes.
What is causation affected by? - ANSWER Locus of Causality, Controllability, Stability
Locus of Causaltiy - ANSWER Refers to the location of the cause - whether it is internal
to the person or external to the environment
Controllability - ANSWER Refers to the extent to which a cause is under volitional; that
the cause can be changed or controlled by the person
Stability - ANSWER The extent to which a cause is stable (permanent) or unstable
(temporary)
Outcomes attributed to internal, controllable causes can lead to blame and
discrimination. - ANSWER True
The Transtheoretical Model of Change - ANSWER -Behavior change is a process that
occurs in stages
-Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance
-The five stages create at least four distinct transition challenges
-Processes of change: the cognitive and behavioral processes of change help us
understand how change occurs
Where might an individual be in the Precontemplation Stage? - ANSWER Unaware of the
problem (NO)
Where might an individual be in the Contemplation Stage? - ANSWER Aware of the
problem and the desired behavior change (MAYBE)
Where might an individual be in the Preparation Stage? - ANSWER Intending to take
action (PLAN)
Where might an individual be in the Action Stage - ANSWER Practicing the desired
behavior (DO)
Where might an individual be in the Maintenance Stage? - ANSWER Working to sustain
the behavior change (KEEP GOING)
, Processes and Stages of Change - Cognitive Processes - ANSWER Conscious raising,
dramatic relief/emotional arousal, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, social
liberation
Processes and Stages of Change - Behavioral Processes - ANSWER Stimulus control,
helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, self-liberation
Stage matching: moving from Pre-contemplation —> Contemplation - ANSWER
Conscious raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation
Stage matching: moving from Contemplation —> Preparation - ANSWER
Self-reevaluation, helping relationships, social liberation, dramatic relief
Stage matching: moving from Preparation —> Action - ANSWER Self-liberation
Stage matching: moving from Action —> Maintenance - ANSWER Stimulus control,
counterconditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement management
Conscious raising - ANSWER looking for information about the behavior
Dramatic relief - ANSWER Read warnings about health hazards of the behavior
Self-reevaluation - ANSWER Thinking about the dependence upon the behavior
Environmental reevaluation - ANSWER Thinking about how the behavior impacts the
surrounding environment
Social liberation - ANSWER Recognizing that public places encourage against or for a
behavior (ex: non smoking section)
Helping relationships - ANSWER Identify someone to talk to about the behavior
Counterconditioning - ANSWER Find something relaxing or enjoyable other than the
behavior
Reinforcement management - ANSWER Receive rewards from others for not
participating in the behavior
Stimulus control - ANSWER Remove triggers for the behavior from the environment
Self liberation - ANSWER Reminding oneself that they can quit/give up the behavior
What is fear appeal? - ANSWER -Persuasive messages designed to scare people by
describing the terrible things that will happen to them if they do not do what the
message recommends
-In public health, fear appeals are used to get individuals to adopt the recommended
health-protective behaviors.
Protection Motivation Theory - Threat Appraisal - ANSWER Assessment of personal
vulnerability and seriousness of a threat
