C475 Care of the Older Adult Exam Questions With All Certified Answers || AGraded

C475 Care of the Older Adult Exam Questions With All Certified Answers || AGraded Baby Boomers - Answers-are aging adults born from . They will reach retirement starting around . .Geriatrician - Answers-a physician, board certified in geriatrics, who specializes in the care of the elderly .Geriatrics - Answers-The branch of medicine concerned with the problems of aging .Gerontology - Answers-Study of aging; broad category that includes several areas (sociology of aging, psychology, economics of aging .Ageism - Answers-Prejudice towards elderly .Alzheimer's - Answers-betaamyloid plaques and neurofibrillary plaques .Age - Answers-Old Old= 85+ years Older Adult= 65 years of age or older .Types of Care Facilities - Answers-Acute Care Hospital (ACH) - point of entry into the health care system for older adults. Acute Rehabilitation (Rehab)- may be found in several settings. Uses the interdisciplinary team of nurses, therapists, and physicians. Goal is to maximize independence, promote maximal function, prevent complications, and promote quality of life within each person's strengths and limitations. Level of intensity depends on setting and patient. Home Health Care- For independent living home-bound adults who require a longer period of observation or care from nurses. Can include PT/OT, & speech therapy. Hospice- holistic, interdisciplinary care that helps the dying person "live until they die." Includes palliative care and pain management and comfort care. Long-term Care Facility (a.k.a. nursing home)- provides 24 hr support care to any age who have lost some or all their capacity for self-care due to illness, disability, or dementia Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNFs)- subacute or transitional care are for those patients requiring more intensive nursing care than provided in Long-term care. Alzheimer's Care- dedicated specifically for Alzheimer and Dementia care. Respite Care- provides time off for family members who are caretakers. Care can be at adult daycare center, in the home, or in an assisted living facility or LTC Continuing care retirement community (CCRC)- group care in independent living to assisted living, LTC, or skilled Assisted Living- alternative who do not feel safe living alone, who wish to live in a community setting, or who need some additional help with ADLs. They each have their own apartment or room. Foster care/Group Homes- adults who can do most ADLs but have safety issues and require supervision with some activities. Green House Concept- new concept of a home environment with 8-10 residents in priv .five racial groups - Answers-Caucasian/non-Hispanic whites/European Americans African American Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders American Indians and Alaskan Natives .Maslows Psychological Theories of Aging - Answers-Physiological Safety & Security Love & Belonging Selft-esteem Self-actualization .Dysarthria - Answers-is disturbed articulation caused by disturbance in the control of the speech muscles. This disturbance is caused by brain lesions in motor areas in the central nervous system or the brain stem or disruption in the coordination of information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor neurons. Dysarthria-related lesions can be caused by stroke, brain tumor, degenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, or toxins. The location of the brain lesion determines the nature of the disturbance, which can manifest in many ways, with the most severe form being anarthria (complete inability to move the articulators for speech). People with dysarthria may present with slurred speech, breathiness, slow or rapid rate of speech, limited mouth or facial movement, monotonous voice, or weak articulation. A person who has dysarthria may be able to read, write, and gesture normally and comprehension may remain intact .Aphasia - Answers-is the most common language disorder in the elderly and occurs in up to a third of the patients in an acute phase following stroke. Aphasia is an inability to express or understand the meaning of words due to damage in the language areas. Damage is most frequently due to stroke in the left hemisphere, but can be due to brain tumor, trauma, infection, dementia, or surgery. In addition to spoken language, writing, reading, and the ability to gesture also may be impaired .Changes of aging that could affect therapeutic communication - Answers-Visual communication- position objects within their visual field. This includes positioning yourself within their visual field when speaking with the person. This helps the person to locate the object of conversation and to orient him or her to the topic of conversation. When assisting elders with their care needs, it may be useful to give them a verbal indication of the actions you are about to impart, so as to avoid startling or scaring them needlessly. It may be necessary to assist the person in labeling objects or to simplify what is in their visual field. Hearing communication- Do not shout. Project voice from the diaphragm (deepens tone). Make use of the person's other unipaired senses. Stand in front of them if they can lip read. Speak into the good ear. Make sure the hearing aid is turned on. Use gestures or objects to assist communication. Limit background noise. Allow adequate time for a response. Use short sentences and speak clearly. Enunciate words. Write things out. Speech Communication-individuals with speech or language difficulties might be more anxious or self-aware. Limit distractions, make eye contact, position yourself in front of the person. Use facial or body language. Use written communication. Use short complete sentences. Summarize message for accuracy. Take your time. .Satir's Basic principles for Communication - Answers-invite, arrange, environment, maximize communication, maximize understanding, and follow through .Types of Hearing Aids - Answers-BTE (Behind the ear)- 1 inch long and worn behind the outer ear. A small tube connects with the amplification device behind the ear and delivers amplified sound into the ear canl. The device has an adjustable volume control and is battery powered. It is the most common style of hearing aid. These devices are suitable for the entire range of hearing loss. OTE (Over the ear)- This is a new style that is very small and sits on top of the outer ear. ITE (in the ear)- ITEs are custom-fitted devices molded to the contour of the outer ear. The device has an adjustable volume control and a batter, however, both are much smaller than ones used in a BTE device. Some users have difficulty seeing or manipulating the control and battery. These devices are used for mild to moderate hearing loss. ITC (in the canal)- ITCs are tiny devices that fit into the ear canal and are barely visable. They are customized to fit the size and shape of the ear canal. Although cosmetically appealing, their small size is a drawback for some individuals. CIC (completely in the canal)- CICs are smallest type of device in the in-the-ear class. The entire device fits within the canal. Although cosmetically flattering, the small size is a true disadvantage because of difficulty handling and positioning the device. This device is the most expensive model of hearing aid. .AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) - Answers-refers to all forms of communication that enhance or supplement speech and writing, either, temporarily or permanently. AAC can both enhance (augmentative) and replace (alternative) conventional forms of expression for people who can't communicate through speech, writing, or gestures. .U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) - Answers-was convened by the U.S. Public Health Service to systemically review the evidence of effectiveness of clinical preventive services. The task force is an independent panel of private-sector experts in primary care and prevention whose mission is to evaluate the benefits of individual services ant to create age, gender, and risk based recommendations about services that should routinely be incorporated into primary medical care. .Healthy People 2010 - Answers-is an initiative of the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services that utilized the skills and knowledge of an alliance of more than 350 national organizations and 250 state public health, mental health, substance abuse, and environmental agencies to develop a set of health care objectives designed to increase the quality and quantity of years of healthy life of Americans and to eliminate health disparities. .Healthy People 2000 - Answers-reduce preventable death and disability for Americans .Health Promotion Efforts - Answers-of Healthy People 2010 and the USPSTF suggest that nurses focus on to promote health and prevent disability in the older adult (see pg 356) Physical activity Nutrition Tobacco use Safety Immunization .difference between ADLs and IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living) - Answers-Activities of daily living (ADLs): include activities of daily life such as bathing, dressing, transferring, walking, eating, and continence. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs): Activities related to independent living, they include meal preparation, money management, shopping, housework, and using a telephone. Nurses can use instruments to identify elderly individuals who benefit from an increased level of care or add support. Fear of being advised to leave their homes casue elderly individuals to deny difficulties. IADL scales rely on self reporting and can difficulties when clients are not forthcoming limitations. .•List the nutritional assessment tests to determine risk for diet-related chronic illness - Answers-• Serum albumin: Less than 3.5 g/dl is associated with malnutrition and increased morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition= serum albumin below 3.5. • Body mass index (BMI): The Nutrition Screening Initiative suggests that a BMI of 22-27 is considered normal. Values above or below this range suggest over- and underweight, respectively. Unintended weight loss is a nutritional risk that requires additional assessment. Obesity is a problem for many older Americans, just as it is for younger adults. The Obesity Education Initiative of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2005) has provider guidelines and patient education materials ( • Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) Cholesterol Guidelines: An unintended decrease in cholesterol to less than 150 mg/dl is a nutritional risk (