NU 311 FINALS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE GRADED
A++
Know the types of therapeutic diets
-clear diet
-full liquid
-pureed
-mechanical/dental soft
-soft/low residue; low fiber
-high fiber
-regular
Clear Liquid Diet
Foods that are clear and liquid at room or body temperature that leave little residue and
are easily absorbed; commonly ordered for short-term use (24 to 48 hours) after
surgery, before diagnostic tests, and after episodes of diarrhea and vomiting.
Examples: water, apple/cranberry juice, gelatin, popsicles
Full Liquid Diet
Includes foods on clear-liquid diet plus addition of smooth-textured dairy products like
milk and ice cream, strained soups, custard, refined cooked cereals, vegetable juice,
,and pureed vegetables; commonly ordered before or after surgery for patients who are
acutely ill from infection or for patients who cannot chew or tolerate solid foods.
Pureed
Includes foods on clear- and full-liquid diet plus easily swallowed foods that do not
require chewing (scrambled eggs, pureed meats, vegetables and fruits, mashed
potatoes);
ordered for patients with head and neck abnormalities or who have had oral surgery;
can be modified for low sodium, fat, or calorie count.
Mechanical/ Dental Soft
Consists of all previous diets plus addition of lightly seasoned ground or finely diced
meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads,
cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, peanut butter; AVOID tough meats, nuts,
bacon, and fruits with tough skin or membranes
Soft/ low residue; low fiber
Addition of low fiber, easily digested foods such as pastas, casseroles, moist tender
meats, and canned cooked fruits and veggies; includes foods that are easy to chew and
simply cooked. Does NOT permit fatty, rich, and fried foods
High Fiber
Addition of fresh uncooked fruits, steamed veggies, bran, oatmeal and dried fruits;
includes sufficient amounts of ingestible carbohydrates to relieve constipation, increase
GI motility, and increase stool weight
Regular Diet
NO dietary restrictions
,Restricted Fluids
required in severe heart failure or kidney failure
Sodium Restriction
-Allows low levels of sodium and may include a 4g (no added salt), 2g (moderate), 1g
(strict), or 500mg (very strict)
-ordered for pt's with heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, hypertension
Fat modified
-low total and saturated fat and low cholesterol intake limited to < 300mg daily, and fat
intake 30% to 35%
-eliminates/reduces fatty foods for hypercholesterolemia, malabsorption disorders,
diarrhea
Diabetic
allows for patients to select amount of food from basic food groups
What are the risk factors for nutritional problems?
-Clear/Full-liquid diets for more than 3 days without or with inappropriate/insufficient
nutrient supplementation.
-IV feeding (dextrose or saline) or NPO for more than 3 days without supplementation.
-Low intakes of prescribed diet/tube feedings.
, -Weight 20% above or 10% below desirable body weight (accounting for edema).
-Pregnancy weight gain deviating from normal patterns.
-Diagnoses that increase nutritional needs, decrease nutrient intake, or both: Cancer,
malabsorption, diarrhea, hyperthyroidism, excessive- inflammation, postoperative
status, hemorrhage, infected/draining wounds, burns, infection, major trauma.
-Chronic use of drugs (especially alcohol).
-Alterations in chewing, swallowing, appetite, taste, and smell.
-Body temperature consistently above 37° C (98.6° F) for more than 2 days.
-Hemocrit : <43% in men, <37% in women.
-Hemaglobin: <14 g/dL in men, <12 g/dL in women.
-Absolute decrease in lymphocyte count ( <1500 cells/mm3).
-Elevated (>250 mg/dL)/Decreased ( <130 mg/dL ) total plasma cholesterol.
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE GRADED
A++
Know the types of therapeutic diets
-clear diet
-full liquid
-pureed
-mechanical/dental soft
-soft/low residue; low fiber
-high fiber
-regular
Clear Liquid Diet
Foods that are clear and liquid at room or body temperature that leave little residue and
are easily absorbed; commonly ordered for short-term use (24 to 48 hours) after
surgery, before diagnostic tests, and after episodes of diarrhea and vomiting.
Examples: water, apple/cranberry juice, gelatin, popsicles
Full Liquid Diet
Includes foods on clear-liquid diet plus addition of smooth-textured dairy products like
milk and ice cream, strained soups, custard, refined cooked cereals, vegetable juice,
,and pureed vegetables; commonly ordered before or after surgery for patients who are
acutely ill from infection or for patients who cannot chew or tolerate solid foods.
Pureed
Includes foods on clear- and full-liquid diet plus easily swallowed foods that do not
require chewing (scrambled eggs, pureed meats, vegetables and fruits, mashed
potatoes);
ordered for patients with head and neck abnormalities or who have had oral surgery;
can be modified for low sodium, fat, or calorie count.
Mechanical/ Dental Soft
Consists of all previous diets plus addition of lightly seasoned ground or finely diced
meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads,
cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, peanut butter; AVOID tough meats, nuts,
bacon, and fruits with tough skin or membranes
Soft/ low residue; low fiber
Addition of low fiber, easily digested foods such as pastas, casseroles, moist tender
meats, and canned cooked fruits and veggies; includes foods that are easy to chew and
simply cooked. Does NOT permit fatty, rich, and fried foods
High Fiber
Addition of fresh uncooked fruits, steamed veggies, bran, oatmeal and dried fruits;
includes sufficient amounts of ingestible carbohydrates to relieve constipation, increase
GI motility, and increase stool weight
Regular Diet
NO dietary restrictions
,Restricted Fluids
required in severe heart failure or kidney failure
Sodium Restriction
-Allows low levels of sodium and may include a 4g (no added salt), 2g (moderate), 1g
(strict), or 500mg (very strict)
-ordered for pt's with heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, hypertension
Fat modified
-low total and saturated fat and low cholesterol intake limited to < 300mg daily, and fat
intake 30% to 35%
-eliminates/reduces fatty foods for hypercholesterolemia, malabsorption disorders,
diarrhea
Diabetic
allows for patients to select amount of food from basic food groups
What are the risk factors for nutritional problems?
-Clear/Full-liquid diets for more than 3 days without or with inappropriate/insufficient
nutrient supplementation.
-IV feeding (dextrose or saline) or NPO for more than 3 days without supplementation.
-Low intakes of prescribed diet/tube feedings.
, -Weight 20% above or 10% below desirable body weight (accounting for edema).
-Pregnancy weight gain deviating from normal patterns.
-Diagnoses that increase nutritional needs, decrease nutrient intake, or both: Cancer,
malabsorption, diarrhea, hyperthyroidism, excessive- inflammation, postoperative
status, hemorrhage, infected/draining wounds, burns, infection, major trauma.
-Chronic use of drugs (especially alcohol).
-Alterations in chewing, swallowing, appetite, taste, and smell.
-Body temperature consistently above 37° C (98.6° F) for more than 2 days.
-Hemocrit : <43% in men, <37% in women.
-Hemaglobin: <14 g/dL in men, <12 g/dL in women.
-Absolute decrease in lymphocyte count ( <1500 cells/mm3).
-Elevated (>250 mg/dL)/Decreased ( <130 mg/dL ) total plasma cholesterol.
